The walam olum

Phenomena: is a fact, occurrence, or circumstance observed or observable Sentence: â€Å"Myths attempt to explain natural phenomena† (The Walam Olum) Sentence: The Walam Olum is explained in natural phenomena, based on the humans' origin, the customs, and the religion rites. 2. Pictographs: is a picture or symbol standing for a word or group of words Sentence: â€Å"Originally it consisted of a long series of pictographs explaining the origin of the Delaware people such as a result of the actions of a manito, or spirit. † (The Walam Olum) Sentence: The Walam Olum is represented by pictographs which explain how the Great Manito createdEarth. 3. Leisure: freedom from the demands of work or duty Sentence: â€Å"All had cheerful knowledge, all had leisure, all thought in gladness† (The Walam Olum) Sentence: The Great Manito fetched them food and many other things which left them to leisure. 4. Quarrel: an angry dispute or altercation; a disagreement marked by a tempo rary or permanent break in friendly relations Sentence: â€Å"And with him brought badness, quarreling, unhappiness. † (The Walam Olum) Sentence: Later, the Great Magician came to earth and brought quarreling. He brought many bad things like bad weather, sickness and also brought death. Ablution: a cleansing with water or other liquid, especially as a religious ritual. Sentence: â€Å"Soon after the ablutions were completed they heard the distant call of the approaching gods. † (The Navaho Origin Legend) Sentence: The people heard a call of the gods after they were done ablutions. 6. Protrude: to thrust forward , cause to project Sentence: â€Å"While the wind was blowing, eight of the Mirage People came and walked around the objects on the ground four times, and as they walked the eagle feathers, whose tips protruded from between the buckskins, were seen to move. † (The NavahoOrigin Legend) Sentence: After the eagle's feathers were protruded they walked up to t he buckskin, and saw that the corn had diapered and found a men and woman laying down there. 7. Constitution: the way in which a thing is composed; physical make-up; structure Sentence: â€Å"The Iroquois constitution outlines a system of laws and principles. † (The Iroquois Constitution) Sentence: The Iroquois constitution was spoken and not written; the constitution had to be presented in way that would catch the listener's attention. 8. Disposition: An inclination or tendency Sentence: â€Å"If any man or any nation the Five Nations shall obey the laws of the GreatPeace and make known their disposition to the lords of the confederacy, they made trace the roots to the tree and if their minds are clean and they are obedient and promise to obey the wishes of the confederate council, they shall be welcomed to take shelter beneath the Tree of the Long Leaves. † (The Iroquois Constitution) Sentence: 9. Confederacy: an alliance between persons, parties, states, etc. , for some purpose. Sentence: If any man or any nation the Five Nations shall obey the laws of the Great 10. Trivial: of very little importance or value; insignificant Sentence: â€Å"It shall be a rong for anyone to lead a lord into trivial affairs†¦ (The Iroquois Constitution) Sentence: Leading the lord into trivial affairs is considered to be wrong; they should respect their honorable position. 1 1 . Emblem: a sign, design, or figure that identifies or represents something Sentence: â€Å"We now do crown you with the sacred emblem of the deer's antlers, the emblem of your lordship† (The Iroquois Constitution) Sentence: He was crowned with emblem of the deer's antlers. He then, became the mentor of the Five Nations. 12. Deliberations : thoughtful, careful, or lengthy considerationSentence: â€Å"In all of your deliberations in the confederate council, in your efforts at law making, in all your official acts, self-interest shall be cast into your oblivion. â€Å"(The Iroqu ois Constitution) Sentence: All of his action will be deliberate carefully. 13. Oblivion: the condition of being forgotten or disregarded Sentence: â€Å"In all of your deliberations in the confederate council, in your efforts at law making, in all your official acts, self-interest shall be cast into your oblivion. † (The Iroquois Constitution) Sentence: All of his wrong act will be oblivion will be not only cast on him but also in his family.

Bypass the Story of a Road Analysis Essay

McGirr takes virtually every detour possible and in doing so seems to suggest that life’s journey is at its most interesting when one strays from the central path. It is in the towns and rest stations that McGirr encounters individuals with interesting stories to tell – stories that give McGirr’s narrative its essential variety and ‘life’. McGirr’s interest is not only in what lies off to the side of the ‘main road’ in a literal sense. He is attracted by the lives of ‘ordinary’ people who are not famous or even particularly successful. Even when relating incidents from his life as a priest he enjoys telling stories that would otherwise never appear in print: attending the wrong wedding reception; seeing a bride answer a mobile phone. He does occasionally refer to famous or powerful people; even here, though, his preference is for the little known incident over the important, nation-shaping decision – such as John Curtin’s midnight pot of tea in a Gundagai cafà ©. In short, McGirr suggests that, although the highway itself is valuable, we must not forget or neglect places and lives that the highway bypasses, for these too constitute the ‘life-blood’ of the nation. And similarly, although the nation’s central story or history is important – that of, say, the Anzacs, the explorers, the two world wars – the stories that lie off to the side of the historical mainstream are equally worth knowing, are equally valuable. As narrator and author of this narrative, McGirr has a lot of control over how he depicts himself. Indeed, ‘the power of the person who gets to tell the story’ (p.19) is considerable, as he notes when discussing Hovell’s power over Hume in that regard. McGirr is depicted as a fairly affable, if occasionally bumbling figure whose decision to leave the Jesuit order after twenty-one years is a life-changing one. The decision prompts him to experience a number of ‘firsts’: he buys property in Gunning; embarks on an intimate relationship with Jenny whom he subsequently marries and has children with; and decides to travel on a bike down the Hume Highway and document his progress. McGirr might come across as something of an ‘everyman’ figure but his life-experiences mark him as someone rather eclectic (unusual). McGirr displays a capacity for droll humour throughout the narrative, and also a willingness to reflect deeply on his experiences and those of others. His reflective tendencies see him discuss his struggle to sincerely uphold the vow of obedience when he was a member of the Jesuit order (p.173), and also his feeling of being alone when he first joined the order (p.229). It might be argued that McGirr is depicted as someone who thinks a little too much: the discussion of his dilemma about buying orange juice with the money allocated to new Jesuits for ‘emergencies’ (p.228) is an example. Fortunately, his capacity for reflection does not make the text too ponderous. McGirr’s accounts of his developing relationship with Jenny and his self-deprecatory asides about his weight (p.31, p.98), snoring (p.227), age (p.32) and tendency to lecture others (p.142) depict him as a jovial, likeable bloke. Bypass, a hybrid work of creative non-fiction is a memoir, travel story, social history, romance and road story. The literary devices used in Bypass enliven and enrich the writing with sparkling wit. For example: ‘Hovell had been a naval captain. On land, however, he was all at sea.’(p 19) ‘They were like fishermen who were prepared to dam their own river rather than let it starve them.’(p 48) ‘A roadhouse is a place where everything that can’t be eaten has been laminated, and not all the food can be eaten.’(p 66) ‘Guerrilla warfare is the opposite of God who, for some unknown reason, makes his or her absence felt even when present.’(p 81) ‘I came to Gunning to hide, but people kept finding me.’(p 97) ‘Sturt went blind trying to see what none had seen before.’(p 170) McGirr’s anger at some social problems is often expressed in blunt metaphors, for example, when discussing gaming machines in Goulburn he writes: ‘They are abattoirs of the human spirit.’(p 90) His love for language is reflected, for example, where the text is an extended reverie on arcane words and their meanings eg panier (p 98), or in his jovial attempt to find a word to describe a group of prime ministers (pp 153-4). Humour is one of the most appealing features Bypass, for example the discussion of caravans with a fellow traveller (pp 110-1). Michael McGirr is masterly in creating punch lines to end his stories. eg ‘I don’t believe in washing your dirty laundry in public.’(p 263) The Hume Highway: The Hume Highway runs for over eight hundred kilometres inland, between Sydney and Melbourne. Early settlers, such as Charles Throsby and Hume and Hovell, made journeys overland that eventuated in the Hume Highway being developed. The road, initially sometimes called the Great South Road in New South Wales and Sydney Road in what became Victoria, has been re-routed, extended and improved over time. In 1928, it became officially known as the Hume Highway. A number of towns originally on the Hume Highway have now been bypassed to reduce both travel times and the amount of traffic (especially trucks) passing through town centres. The meaning of bypass: The term bypass means to go around something; a road bypass normally goes around a town or the centre of a town. There are many such bypasses on the Hume Highway, allowing the traveller to avoid built up areas and suburban streets. However, although Bypass is the story of a journey along the Hume Highway, the title makes it clear that McGirr’s main interest is in how the road goes around places and people, and what the effects of this might be – both positive and negative. For more about McGirr’s engagement with the notion of a bypass, see the section on Themes, Ideas and Values. The main idea in the novel Bypass is the idea of a journey. In literal terms, Bypass: the story of a road tells the story of a physical journey from one point to another: in this case, from Sydney to Melbourne. However, McGirr makes clear that a journey can have qualities that are more metaphorical. The literary references to Don Quixote and Anna Karenina, in particular, suggest very different types of journeys. The quotation from Don Quixote, ‘there’s no road so smooth that it ain’t got a few potholes’, implicitly signals Sancho’s philosophical take on the nature of relationships and life more generally. This attitude towards the vicissitudes of life clearly informs the text as a whole. For instance, McGirr comments about the degree to which his ‘silly adventure’ might impact negatively on his relationship with Jenny (p.137). Likewise, the comments he makes about the truckies whose marriages can suffer from their long hours on the road (p.52), suggest that physical journeys and emotional journeys are closely intertwined. The frequent references to Anna Karenina also signal McGirr’s interest in the romantic and tragic dimensions of life. The flirtatious comments about McGirr’s relationship with Anna Karenina, his predilection for relinquishing (and then recovering) the text from time to time and the inevitable decision to place her in close proximity to a railway (p.260) work symbolically as a comment on life more generally, as well as on the plot of Tolstoy’s novel. After all, Tolstoy’s Anna throws herself in front of a train. McGirr is all too aware of the fragility of life – both on the road and beyond it. In this novel, death and memorial are also an important theme. The ultimate destination in life’s journey is death. McGirr does not shy away from discussing the fragility of life and makes much of the memorials on the Hume Highway. Death is something that cannot be bypassed and, like ‘the road [which] has no respect for persons or status’ (p.158), it comes to us all. As McGirr notes when reflecting on the cemetery in Gunning, ‘even a long life is short’ (p.7). For McGirr the Hume Highway is ‘sacred space’ (p.15); it is ‘lined with countless reminders of death’ (p.178) and memorialises both those who have died on it and those who have died at war. While McGirr is respectful and interested in the memorials dedicated to the war dead, his main priority is to acknowledge that death comes to all and that the lives of all ordinary Australians – including soldiers – are worth acknowledging and commemorating. Indeed, this is clearly conveyed by his juxtaposition of the near-death experience of Kerry Packer (p.40) and the funerals of the Queen Mother (p.255) and the Princess of Wales (p.256) with the experiences of less well-known individuals. Packer’s blunt assertion that there is no life beyond the grave is contrasted with the more positive reflection of a woman who believed that her husband had ‘gone to the great swap-meet in the sky’ (p.41). Similarly, the vast amount of coverage and ceremony afforded the funerals of the Queen Mother and the Princess of Wales is diametrically opposed to the more poignant account of the interment of Anton, a lonely old man whose funeral was attended by three people: the undertaker, Anton’s neighbour and McGirr in his role as priest (p.256). McGirr says of those like Anton, ‘At least God knew this person †¦ even if nobody else did’ (p.256). McGirr’s accounts of death or near-death experiences are most chilling when he considers those who have endured harrowing experiences on the road. His discussion of the murders committed by Ivan Milat (pp.70–4) and by bushrangers (pp.77–83) brings home the fact that ‘the Hume has a dark side’ (p.70). Not wanting to sensationalise – or justify – the actions of these men, McGirr nonetheless provides some background details to depict them in ways that are complex, non-judgemental and at times unnerving. ENTRY SEVEN: PHILOSOPHY IN BYPASS Given McGirr’s work as a priest for much of his life, it is not surprising that this text is largely preoccupied with issues of faith and philosophical ponderings about life more generally. McGirr makes clear his continued belief in God (p.174) but is not heavy-handed in his discussion of faith. The gently humorous and respectful way in which he recounts Jenny’s aphorisms (wise sayings) about life is a case in point. His recollection of Jenny’s remark that he should ‘just accept [the Hume Highway] for what it is †¦ you’ll enjoy it more’ (p.155) is exemplary. His discussion of Jenny’s view that there is a concave (negative and convex (optimistic) way of looking at the world (p.170) – and that he ‘might be right’ (p.170) in thinking that he has a concave approach to the world is similarly light-hearted in tone but relevant to the book’s overall interest in forms of belief. The light-hearted banter continues when McGirr discusses his acquisition of the Chinese philosophical text, Tao Te Ching. Its pithy words of wisdom are for McGirr redolent of the bumper sticker sayings that he has liberally peppered throughout his narrative. At times, McGirr’s discussion of philosophical matters takes on a more earnest tone. His discussion of how, as a priest, he subscribed to the vow of obedience in an effort to ‘make up a sense of purpose which I otherwise lacked’ (p.173) and his related anxiety that he would reach the ‘point at which you can no longer recognise yourself in the things you are starting to say or do’ (p.173) signal his need to be honest with himself as well as with others. His comment that ‘the secret of being human is learning how to enjoy our limitations’ (p.301) suggests that honesty and humility are part and parcel of a reflective existence, McGirr is also interested in the ways in which others concern themselves with spiritual matters. His discussion of the House of Prayer in Goulburn shows how prayer provides respite from the manic nature of everyday life and celebrates those like Catherine who dedicate their lives to helping others in need find peace (pp.85–6). In a very different and secular vein, McGirr recounts the belief Liz Vincent has in ghosts – of people and of the road. Although Vincent does not believe in God, McGirr seems fascinated by her stories and sensitively recounts her belief that ‘the people we love can scarcely bear to leave us and sometimes hang around as ghosts’ (p.59). Perhaps more interesting is Vincent’s claim that the old Hume Highway near Picton has a ‘ghostly presence of its own’ (p.59), appearing before unwary drivers’ eyes and beguiling them into believing that the phantom road they are following is the real thing (p.59). ENTRY EIGHT: THE POLITICS IN BYPASS In some ways Bypass is a book about power – about who has it and who does not. As McGirr writes, ‘Roads are political. Building them is a sign that somebody is the boss’ (p.14). McGirr’s discussion of the impact on Merri Creek of the F2 freeway into Melbourne (p.284), the ensuing court case and the verdict that ultimately endorsed the freeway project, exemplifies the political nature of road-making. The very essence of a bypass, for instance, is a political act and McGirr makes this clear when discussing the difficulties surrounding the decision to create an internal or an external bypass for Albury in the late 1990s (pp.203–6). Concerns about the economic effect of a route directing traffic away from town are weighed up with concerns about the impact of noise and pollution that a new road near or through a town invariably brings. Tussles between federal and state governments, as was the case with the Albury bypass, certainly highlight the political nature of road-making, as do arguments between different interest groups. The issue of the Albury bypass, along with the 1979 truck blockade staged between Camden and Picton on a notorious stretch of road known as razorback (pp.47–51), illustrate power struggles of very different sorts. McGirr also points out that the amount of money spent on roads as opposed to public transport is a political act. He writes that ‘in the last ten years, for every dollar spent on laying rail in Australia, eight dollars have been spent on highways’ (p.92). This pattern of spending is, he continues, ‘a symptom of something deeper because government spending decisions simply mirror the interests of voters’ (p.92). Bypass: the story of a road is particularly concerned with the way the highway has been the backdrop for various well-known and not so well-known aspects of Australia’s history. From Hume and Hovell’s early markings of the Hume Highway, to the increased tea ration bargained for by Jack Castrisson when John Curtin visited the Niagara Cafà © in Gundagai, to Ned Kelly’s exploits, to the antics of the humble, ordinary Australians who travel on the Hume year by year, McGirr celebrates the way aspects of Australia’s history are part and parcel of the Hume Highway’s rich narrative. McGirr’s interest in Australian history is, however, not indicative of a desire to celebrate or endorse conventional representations of Australia’s past. In a number of instances, McGirr wants to query the legitimacy of idealistic views of the nation’s evolution. McGirr challenges the idea that Australia is an egalitarian nation, for example, and claims tha t this view is a ‘myth’ (p.200). He also reminds readers of the fraught relationship between colonisers and Indigenous Australians when he discusses the life and death of an Aboriginal man named Bill Punch who survived a massacre as a baby and went on to fight for the Allies on the Western Front in World War I (pp.246–7). McGirr’s willingness to temper some representations of Australia’s past is underpinned by an appreciation of the power of language. He notes that those who are in a position to write about the past can have more agencies in their lives and also more control of history than those who don’t (p.19). This awareness allows him to ponder on the way bushrangers and explorers have been depicted over time, and how being literate can impact on the type of individual one becomes (pp.77–8). McGirr is attentive to the idea that some histories are not told and that those that are relayed are not always definitive. Bypass: the story of a road offers a quirky exploration of the Hume Highway and the personalities of the people whose lives have been touched by the road in one way or another. At the age of 40, former Jesuit priest, Michael McGirr – armed with not much more than a copy of Anna Karenina, some spare clothes and a less than state-of-the-art Chinese built bicycle – set out to ride the 880 kilometres (547 miles) of the Hume Highway which links Sydney and Melbourne. While the ride forms the backdrop to McGirr’s book Bypass: The Story of a Road, like all good travelogue’s the ride itself is really just a frame to hang the real story around, which as the title suggests, is the story of the Hume Highway. From its humble beginnings as a rough track across the Great Dividing Range, to its current state as a modern dual carriageway, the Highway continues to serve as the major thoroughfare linking Australia’s two largest cities. Bypass took me on a wonderful jo urney covering the history of the Hume, and the politics that helped shape it. Along the way you meet some great – and not so great – Australian characters that have helped imprint the name of the highway into the Australian psyche. People like the 61 year old Cliff Young (great), who in 1983 won the inaugural Sydney to Melbourne foot race against competitors half his age. And men like Ivan Milat (not so great) who was convicted of the murder of seven young backpackers and hitch-hikers, all of whom he buried in the Belanglo State Forest. Then there are the explorers Hamilton Hume (after whom the Highway was eventually named) and William Hovell, who in 1824 along with at least six others, set of from Appin (near the present day Sydney suburb of Campbelltown) for the first successful quest to reach Melbourne. Through the novel, I also met truckies; the bushrangers Ben Hall and Ned Kelly; and the poets ‘Banjo’ Paterson and Henry Lawson. I attended a Catholic Mass in Tarcutta – officially the halfway point between Sydney and Melbourne – where apart from the priest and two parishioners, the only other people in attendance are the author of Bypass and his companion Jenny, who has by this tim e joined him on his ride to Melbourne. Reading this book, it seemed like I visited almost every country town along the route of the Hume Highway, and learn something about each of them. Towns like Goulburn, famous for the Big Merino and Goulburn Jail (where Ivan Milat is currently serving seven life sentences). I visited Holbrook and learn why the outer shell of the Oberon Class submarine HMAS Otway now sits in a public park in the middle of town. In Chiltern we pass by the childhood home of the Australian writer Henry Handel Richardson, and learn that Henry’s real name was Ethel Florence. I learned too, that like other female writers have done throughout history, Ethel wrote under a male nom de plume because at the time it was felt that women didn’t have what it took to be great writers. And I also visited the town of Yass, and drop by the Liberty Cafà © for a meal before continuing on the journey, and turning page after page. Across its many short chapters, Bypass also introduced me to some of the thousands of bumper stickers that adorn the rear ends of many Australian vehicles. In fact, McGirr uses stickers as chapter headings to introduce the readers to every aspect of his journey. Thus, the bumper sticker THE OLDER I GET THE BETTER I WAS, allows him to explain some of his own personal story and the reasons for his decision to ride the Hume Highway. In the chapter THE GODDESS IS DANCING, McGirr introduces us to his riding partner Jenny, and in DEATH IS THE MANUFACTURER’S RECALL NOTICE, we pause to learn about some of the many roadside memorials that mark the sites of fatal road accidents that line the Highway. To conclude, the book is immensely readable, always entertaining and informative, often surprising, and constantly filled with odd facts and humorous anecdotes. These keep the story moving along smoothly and effortlessly – which cannot always be said of Michael McGirr’s monumental bike ride.

Why may the Romans be considered great city builders Essay

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Statical Data in a Business - Essay Example A central depot is set up, where all the detergent that is manufactured by the two plants is sent and mixed together. Following a careful investigation, the production manager established that 10% of the detergent manufactured in Florida and 5% of the detergent manufactured in Texas is faulty and hence cannot be used. It is also known that when the company sells faulty products, its goodwill is tainted and the cost of replacing the faulty product is high. The production manager finds it prudent to allocate these costs reasonably between the two production facilities. This allocation requires knowledge of the probability that a particular production line will produce faulty detergent. In particular, the production manager should seek answers to the following questions: To find the solution to this problem, a probability function is constructed, whereby, F stands for the event that a unit of detergent is faulty. In other words, the production manager is aware of the following? It is by now known that 40% of the detergent is produced by Florida plant and 60% from Texas. As such, P (Florida) = 0.40 and P (Texas) = 0.6. Using Bayes’ Theorem, the following probability from each production line is presented: These probabilities imply that 57.14% of the faulty cost should be assigned to the Florida plant and 42.86% assigned to the Texas plant. It is notable that P (F) represents the probability of the faulty detergent. This probability can be represented as follows: The production manager has applied Bayes’ theorem to craft a fair method of allocation cost that is associated with production of defective products between the two production facilities (Peebles, 1993). Although the production manager was not certain of the exact cost that comes from each plant, the probabilities have been formed devoid of bias. Therefore, the company will be more decisive when allocating these costs between

Justinian and Theodora Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Justinian and Theodora - Research Paper Example ies), Monophysitism (Christ has a single essence—a combined human and divine one), and Arianism (the conviction that Christ was not of one essence with the Lord) also gained imperial approval for a certain period of time.vi The religious guidelines of Justinian manifested the imperial belief that the unity and strength of the empire was absolutely tantamount to unity of faith. People of a deviant faith had to understand that the measures which imperial policymaking had initiated since Constantius II would actively carry on. Current sources reveal harsh persecutions, even those of high political standing.vii Possibly the most striking occurrence took place in 529 when Plato’s teaching Academy was subjected to the authority of the state by the directive of Justinian, successfully choking this education institution for Hellenism. At the initial phase of his rule, Justinian, a follower of Chalcedonian Christianity, thought it appropriate to disseminate by edict his belief i n the Incarnation and the Trinity; and to terrorize all dissenters with the punishments; while he afterward proclaimed that he aimed to deny all opponents of orthodoxy of the chance to such violation by legal due process.viii Earlier scholars had viewed Justinian a despotic, but our point of view has transformed. Justinian and Theodora are now understood within their own perspective. Late Antiquity was not a time of unavoidable collapse, and what was most astonishing about the Roman empire of Eastern Europe and its succeeding state was their capacity to endure a chain of seemingly insurmountable problems while a series of migrations from the developing countries of Asia drove against the imperial borders. Within the imperial borders as well, the period of Justinian witnessed earthquakes, pestilence... This research aims to present Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora of the Byzantine Empire. Flavius Anicius Justinianus or more widely known as Justinian I was born of a Slavonic peasant parents at Tauresium in Illyria, perhaps on the 11th of May, 483. Justinian received his formal education at Constantinople. He was excellently educated Roman history, theology, and jurisprudence. His career in the military showed quick progress, and a grand prospect presented itself to him when he became emperor in 518. Generally regarded as one of the major emperors of Late Antiquity, Justinian is widely known for his amendment of the law through the Tribonian commission, and the military growth of imperial empire that was accomplished throughout his rule, mainly through Belisarius’s—Byzantine Empire’s general-- actions. Aside from law, religion supported Justinian’s attempt to consolidate the administrative center of the imperial domain. Theodora, aside from being the wife of emperor Justinian, is regarded as one of the icons of the history of the Byzantine civilization. Certainly, the stories narrated by Procopius of Theodora’s deeds within and outside the hippodrome before her marriage belittle tales of more contemporary royal disgraces. Yet, more astonishing than the fact the contemporary likings for lustful rumors strongly resemble those of the previous eras is the understanding that the stories of Procopius was not wholly unfounded.

Relationship between language,power and gender Essay

Relationship between language,power and gender - Essay Example Language, power and gender are highly related to each other. In order to understand the relationship between language, power and gender, let’s analyze their relationship with the other individually. Many scholars have commented on the relationship between language and the power people have on it. Writers have written many novels and stories on the issue the examples of which include Leslie Marmon Silko's short story Lullaby, Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of King Richard II and The Tempest, Frederick Douglass’s Learning to Read and Write, and Gloria Anzaldua’s How to Tame a Wild Tongue. All of these works convey the same message that language and power are interrelated to each other and one cannot survive without the other.Patel states in his article that â€Å"the way a person speaks or writes determines that person's power in the world.† Elaborating on this will give the whole idea how easy it is to define the social status of an individual while consi dering the language with which he defines himself.An analysis of languages spoken in different regions in the world shows that there are some languages which are recognized and spoken internationally, while there are other which are only spoken within a limited are like within a country. Even inside a country,there are many forms of that one language by which that country is known.This is a sad truth that for a country to progress in this competitive world and to eventually come in power,it is important to get acknowledged with the internationally known languages so as to facilitate the trade and business. Just getting acknowledged is not sufficient but to inculcate that language in the educational curricula is vital to raise the nation with an intense knowledge of that language so that the people of the country can read, write and speak that foreign language just like they easily go with their own mother tongue. This brings power. The relationship between power and gender raises qu estions like whether one gender is given advantage over the other so that one gendered is empowered and the other is left discriminated. The gender differences in many countries makes power stay stuck to only one gender like men are politically preferred to women. Similarly, there are gender discriminations at occupational workplaces due to which men are given chances to get better jobs and women are told to stay at home in front of the stove all day. â€Å"Although women have made gains in the workplace, with more women working than in the past and women possessing approximately a third of all management positions† (Colwill, as cited in Carli, 1999). Male children are also preferred to get higher education which later on offers them high paying jobs within and across the border. This reduces power for the female gender. The difference in social power between the two genders has given rise to the feminist theories which fought for the liberation of women so that they come out of their houses and stand on equal status as men to enjoy the different luxuries of life. Beeching (2004) affirms that the relationship between language and gender gives rise to man linguistic issues. According to her, â€Å"Men's and Women's Talk have arguably been demonstrated to show differences at the phonetic, syntactic, lexical and discourse levels.† Gender socialization affects the overall structure and use of a language. Language has defined the changing responsibilities and roles of the men and women in different walks of life, nationally and internationally. Simkins-Bullock and Wildman (1991, p. 149) have studied in their research the differences in gender in the use of a language and have come to the conclusion that there is much inconsistency among the scholars in agreeing whether or not the two genders use the same language differently. They state that scholars suggest that there are several ways in which the males and females make use of a language but other as pects should also be considered besides gender in

Construction law essay and legal problem case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Construction law and legal problem case - Essay Example The leading decision in this area is British Steel Corporation v Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co Limited3where it was held that that where work was undertaken pursuant to a letter of intent, in most cases it would not matter whether the formal contract was concluded. If the parties had acted on the letter of intent, then payments claim would due on a quantum meruit basis under restitution4. However, the inherent difficulty with a letter of intent is where a party is seeking to claim damages for breach of contract and it is argued that no contract is entered into. Accordingly, the issue of whether a contract is in existence is vital. Moreover, if there is no contract, it begs the question as to what sums the CCL is entitled to under quantum meruit principles. In British Steel, it was held that the letter of intent covered pre-contractual negotiations and as no terms had actually been agreed, there was no binding contract. Therefore, the extent to which a contractor can rely on the letter of intent to enforce their rights will inherently be dependent on what terms are agreed to in the letter of intent itself. In the British Steel case for example, it was evident that issues pertaining to price, delivery dates and the applicable terms and conditions had not been agreed. As such, the Court concluded that there was simply an obligation upon Cleveland to pay a reasonable sum for such work as had been done pursuant to its request contained in the letter of intent on a quantum meruit basis. The general rule as highlighted in Turriff Construction Limited v Regalia Knitting Mills5 is that a letter of intent will be of no contractual effect and that a letter of intent is â€Å"no more than an expression in writing of a party’s intention to enter into a contract at a future date. Save in exceptional circumstances, it can have

The Main Problems of Nokia Smart Phone Market and Its Strategy Essay

The Main Problems of Nokia Smart Phone Market and Its Strategy Adjustment - Essay Example While the first smartphone was introduced by IBM and then followed on by Nokia with the release of Nokia 9000 in 1996, it was not until 2007 that the smartphone craze would catch up with the world. Even though Nokia was the first to introduce its line of user friendly smartphones, it was unable to retain a strong market position. This has been attributed mainly to the fact that Nokia was unable to truly understand the potential of the smartphones and did not actualize on its innovative product. Nokia, before 2007, had captured a great chunk of the cell phone market share. However, with the introduction of the iPhone and other smart phones, Nokia was unable to retain its position. Even though Nokia is still one of the biggest cell phone providers and had introduced its smart phones before the other smart phone, it does not enjoy a good share of the smart phone market. Nokia, recently, underwent a change in operations and management but despite this Nokia is still leading after Samsung and Apple. 1.1. Research Objective / Questions: In this increasingly competitive smart phone industry, it is very difficult to develop a strong position in the market. However, the market for smart phones is in its growth phases and this is perhaps the best time for producers such as Nokia to claim the lion’s share of the market. The objective of this paper would be to understand the issues that Nokia is facing with regard to their smart phone market. After a good understanding of the issue which would keep into focus the competitor’s strategy regarding smart phones, a strategy adjustment would be recommended for Nokia smart phones. 1.2. Significance of the Study In this paper, an attempt will be made to understand the smartphone market. Smartphone market has recently seen an... For the purpose of this paper, the company and the industry would be analyzed using different analysis techniques such as PESTLE Analysis and SWOT Analysis. Also strategies for the company would be discussed using the Ansoff Matrix and Porter’s Generic Strategies. Using these as a basis, the final strategy for Nokia would be suggested. The results of the study indicated that the position that Nokia is in right now is precarious. Nokia is slowly losing its strong position in the market. This corresponds with Merritt assertion that Nokia has landed itself in a challenging position. It is facing challenges from both within and outside. From the outside, smartphones by competitors are taking over the market share while Nokia is unable to match the products and services offered by the competitors. It not only lacks in design but also in features as compared to the competitors. The review of literature concluded that Nokia should remove its focus from the emerging market and start tapping the high end consumers present in the local markets such as Europe and USA. The results of the study confirm these findings to a certain extent. The managers believed that the focus on emerging markets can continue if only Nokia is able to cater to the local market also. However, the review of literature does not support this recommendation fully. This is because of political issues that are plaguing the world right now. Many people in the East have boycotted Western goods and if this trend continues, it could have negative implications for Nokia that relies heavily on sales from such countries.

Olympics Essay Example for Free

Olympics Essay The Olympic games were brought back by a man named Pierre de Coubertin when he made a speech to the Athletic Society of France in 1892 (Doc 1). Since the games came back they have shaped the economies, national pride and the social changes in multiple countries. The economies of the countries who host the Olympic games generally have a boost in the economy. With a few exceptions like South Korea. Even with the Olympic games being hosted in Seoul, none of their companies were selected as top sponsors. â€Å"Korean companies are not on the list.  Korea failed to avail itself of an opportunity to display its industrial and economic power to a worldwide television audience. † (Doc 7) One country that always contributed to the games was the United States. In 1980 when the games were hosted in Moscow, the USA contributed less than 200 million. Twenty years later in the year 2000, they contributed over 1,200 million when the games were hosted in Sydney. (Doc 9) Many of the documents shown had national pride behind them. Many critics talked highly of the Soviet Union when the Olympic games were to be held in Moscow for the 1980 games. Saying that the Soviet Union â€Å"is a beacon of peace, democracy, and social progress. † (Doc 6) But when it came to what they Americans thought, it was far from that. Bob Matthias form the United States, once said â€Å"You just loved to beat’em. You just had to beat’em. † (Doc 4) This is because of the long rival that these two countries have had ever since the cold war had started. His perception of the Russians was skewed because he had a long standing with them. He didn’t see them as real competitors. Some countries always went up and down, like Pakistan. There â€Å"social values which have shrunk from that of national pride to self-promotion. † (Doc 10) Ali Kabir, a sports writer states that they have lost what has once made them great, and that is work. â€Å"The current national team is clueless and has tarnished the country’s name. † For a few countries it was more than national pride, for Japan it was more of a national crusade. They felt that this was a perfect time to come back as a world trade power. (Doc 5) For other countries like Germany, it was also more than just national pride. For Hitler it was a way to show that Germans were superior. He always made protests that always helped the Germans and no one else. (Doc 3) Although he was less concerned about medals, he was more concerned about gaining propaganda. Women were on the bottom of the totem pole during that start of the Olympics in 1896. When the games were hosted in Great Britain in 1908, only two percent of athletes were women. (Doc 2) It would take a long time for women to take root in the Olympics. In 1992 the games were held in Spain and twenty nine percent of the athletes were women. A woman named Hassiba Boulmerka once said â€Å"My victories give me confidence, and they give confidence to my country. I represent my country and all the women I my country who aspire to be athletes. † (Doc 8) A document I would like to have seen would be one containing a record of how a restaurant would have increased sales. This would have shown how wealth effects the modern Olympics. The Olympics helped increase revenue in the surrounding areas of the stadiums. They produced massive amounts of national pride and the social status of women is still evolving.

Reactions and Reflections Essay Example for Free

Reactions and Reflections Essay The author Don Berry in his book Moontrap offers a rich history of the plight of mountain men as they are pushed to the edge of their freedom, and left with nowhere else to go. This story is compared to the moonlight on water, which eludes any traps, then fades eternally – like the mountain men whose freedom cannot anymore be returned to them. The book offers opportunity to reflect on how society value and respect the lives of people like the mountain men, and it recalls the sad narrative of their fate. It tells the story of coping and rediscoveries, of how a mountain man would always have that spirit and passion for the wild. The book recounts the history of the 1800s Northwest, in a rich and compelling narrative. Synopsis (Setting and Plot) The story is set in the year 1850 in the territories of Oregon as it is being taken over by the civilized world. The book Moontrap introduces two characters, John Monday, also known as Jaybird, and Webster W. Webster, or Webb as his acquaintances and friends call him. As with the past writing of Don Berry, the two characters are men from the mountains. The story focuses on the life of Jaybird, who longs to be stable and settle as a farmer. He stakes a claim in a land located across Oregon City, in the town of Willamette. As he was beginning to adjust to the life as a farmer, as he was starting to think that perhaps he has the chance to live a life that is normal, Webb comes into the picture. Webb like the typical mountain man came along with an old horse, from a life along the edges of society, ignoring and not having a care for the civilized life, enjoying the offers of nature in the mountains. Webb reintroduces Jaybird in a series of adventures, which eventually ushers a rediscovery of his character and true self. As Jaybird has nearly adjusted to his new life as a farmer, he met a common-law wife Mary, a Shoshone Indian, with whom he conceived a child. When he went to the judge of the town to have the child registered, the judge refused and instead wrote ‘bastard’. This was a clear proof and startling realization how men like the judge who has power and control, and filed with bigotry and disdain, can refuse the life and contentment of people like Jaybird. He then realizes that being a mountain man is something that is eternal; a mountain man would always be a mountain man. The author Don Berry asks the sincere yet poignant question of what is left for mountain men if they have reached the last of the frontiers. Since Oregon has already fallen into the grasps of civilization, with only the great ocean beyond, what are left for mountain men to do? The freedom that the mountain men enjoyed in their seemingly endless ventures have come to cease, and the civilization would forever crush the hope of attaining such same freedom. This message and reality was compared to how the reflections of the moon cannot be forever kept alive in the water, cannot be trapped, just as freedom can eternally be gone when it finally fades. Reactions and Reflections The point for reflection for the book is rich and clear. The author vividly recalls the struggles and eventual disappearance of the lives of mountain men, who relishes the life in the wild and in the mountains. But it was a life that would not last as they had been pushed to the edge of their land by the conquerors who invades in the name of civilization. The story is fascinating yet heartbreaking for it is how cultures and passions die and fade. The spirit of the mountain men died, because the waves of civilization have already swept through the last frontier – Oregon. Based on history, it recalls how the men of the mountains, how the old ways and old traditions has been cast aside as necessarily outcome of adopting the civilized ways. During the mid-1800s, the final vestiges of freedom of the mountain men, which is Oregon, has finally fallen into the hands of the civilized, and the price is clear and non-negotiable. Freedom for the mountain men, who lives at the edge and ignores the confines of the law, is necessary to be forgotten, for the civilized world frowns at their ways. Although the story weaved from the imaginations of the author, it rings true of what occurred in the old America. It is not only mountain men, but also natives and Indians who have gradually lost the freedom in order to give way to progress. The story recalls the unforgiving people in power whose imposition of civilization comes with bigotry and discrimination. The book is a powerful remembrance of the historical struggles of mountain men who no longer exists as they were slowly eliminated by the dictates of civilization. The history of the American Pacific Northwest is indeed field with richness, and has endless stories to tell. This is what makes the book interesting, for it provides a fascinating mixture of reflections and historical recollections. The author recounts how the white populations has taken over the land, and put an end to the lives and culture of the natives living in it. Although whether this imposition of civilization is good or bad is arguable, what is definite perhaps is that there were lost spirits as the lands of the Northwest was taken over. And this is indeed true in history. The book teaches the value of being faithful to your history and to where you come from. Even as Jaybird decides to escape from the life of a mountain man and start anew, his past always confronts him, and he discovers that at the end of the day, the civilization that he chose over his old ways would ultimately be the one to reject him. A mountain man would always be a mountain man. There is no shame in being at home in outside the limits of the civilized world and there is no wrong in relishing nature and the mountains. What is in fact sad is how this life has been forgotten by the society as we have been taken over by the technological advancements that frown on the lives of them mountain men. The author also gives the constant reminder that once upon a time, there were natives that roamed across the American land, who lived the life that was filled with carefree and freedom. This was a life that was given up, voluntary or otherwise, but deserves to be recalled and remembered. Don Berry constantly reminds us that we must not turn our backs on the people that once was, and he tells the world that the civilization that we are relishing now was not for free, it came at a very high price indeed. Reference Berry, Don. (1973). Moontrap. USA: Ballantine Books.

Politics Essays Fundamental Principles Of Legitimate Power

Politics Essays Fundamental Principles Of Legitimate Power There are various theories about what can make power legitimate. Doyou think that one theory is more convincing than others? To understand thefundamental principles of legitimate power and governance one must look at theperiod surrounding the Enlightenment because this is the time when theindividual became an important entity, no longer was the individual part of aclass on a hierarchical structure, with power relating to that class. Thenatural rights theorists aim was to show that man was born in a state ofnature, and given the right to do as he/she wished, but this was sacrificed tothe governance of the land, i.e. that the rational man would give up thestate of freedom, for the security and safety of law, governance andsovereignty. Locke, said instead of giving up the right to do absolutely anythingto the sovereign entity, the rational man would put these rights in the handsof a government that holds the good of the people as supreme. Locke did notbelieve that man gives up all these natural rights, but each person retainedrights that were regulated by a political government, to ensure a person wouldnot use their rights in a way that would harm the rights of others. Lockesversion of rights was one of the first models of inherent rightsto life, liberty, freedom and property, where the king was there at the will ofthe people and benevolent in nature. Theinfluence of John-Jacques Rousseau is also important, although not strictlyspeaking a natural law theorist, in the sense of earlier theorists. The mostimportant difference that Rousseau discussed in his works was that governmentand reason has not protected man but enslaved man, whereas in thestate of nature these rights were upheld in a paradisiacal state. One ofRousseaus most interesting critiques of government and law was in the SocialContract where man was originally free but in society everywhere inchains. Therefore he believed instead of giving up ones freedom to agoverning body, it needs to be reclaimed by man but this did not meanreclaiming the paradise of Rousseaus state of nature. Instead these rightsshould be inherent to each man and that the government created is not only forthe good of the people but should be determined by the will of the people.Rousseau believed people should bepart of the regulation of the government and law; otherwise the government thatis essentia lly corrupt will take away these rights. Popular involvement makesit impossible for these rights to be taken away by the government. There wasan assumption of equality between men and basis rights to life, liberty,freedom, and protection from the corruption of absolute government (i.e. rightsto freedom of speech and assembly) and the right to a fair trial and independentCourt of law. This argument stems from the authors of the AmericanConstitution where the rights embodied in the text were self-evident becauseall men were created equal and given certain inalienable rights, which areafforded to all persons of the globe, state borders have no impact on theserights. The writers claimed these rights came from God. Other theorists haveargued we have these rights merely because we are human. This argument is stillone used in the 20th/21st Century as it is the easiest topass off, however there is no real moral justification for upholding theserights, therefore how can one say we must keeps these rights in the face of abreach or dissolution of them. Hobbes state of nature sets up that; Men by nature [are]equal: Nature hath made men so equal, in faculties of the body, and mind Foras to the strength of body, the weakest has strength enough to kill thestrongest, either by secret, machination, or by confederacy with others, thatare in the same danger with himself; henceall are equal in fear of death. Therefore if this fear was set forth by themonarch then this first law of nature legitimizes the citizens to revolt andset up a form of governance that ensures this equality and that their basicrights are upheld. Therefore if the citizens of Hobbes state are able to gettogether to give the power of law and governance to a single individual theybelieve will uphold the common good; then in the same coalition they can deposethis individual if in fact their powers of governance and over the law aremisused. This state of nature is hypothetical in order to provide a theoryjustify the fair governance of a small section of society, or as Hobbes prefersa monarch. It is the equality of fear, the individuals right to everything inaddition to subsequent laws of nature which provides the conditions for asocial contract to ensure security and equality of mankind. There are some problemswith Hobbes social contract which is giving the power of rule and governanceto a single individual; this is arguably giving this individual uncheckedpower. Therefore if every man has the right to everything and then ifthe state of natures equality is no longer the case because the power of lawlays in an individuals hands where this individual has the wants and desiresto obtain everything. Hence there will be a tyrannical government, rather thana government for the common good. Utilitarianismis not a theory of individual rights, instead it views that the good of thecommunity was a more important aim for the law and government ruled by thepeople. Theorists such as Edmund Burke believed that rights werenatural, including life, liberty and freedom but this theory was in theabstract, therefore they should be given by society for the good of its people,because these rights cannot be universal otherwise there is no place forcultural diversity. Burke is one of the first theorists with the culturalrelativism argument; the critics of universaljustice have further advanced this in the 20th and 21stcenturies. Burkes move to reject universalism was the first chip in theseinherent rights that ensured legitimate power; how canrights be inherent if they not available for everyone, because a culture deniesthem. Jeremy Bentham advanced this. His theory held that were no naturalrights the government for the good of society a form of utilitarianism,afforded rights. Therefor e Benthamsrights were legal rights where one can do whatever one wants as long as the lawdoes not prohibit it i.e., rights are not stemming from the individual but thestates and the powers of governance (Positivism). The problem with positivismor this early form of rights from utility is that the law/governance are thebasis of rights and because there is no greater principle of just andlegitimate governance. Themodel of Marxism states that it does not regard the individual as having anyhuman rights, instead it is for the state to set theneeds of the individuals, i.e., it is not the good of the individual that thestate upholds but the good and the needs of the state. Marx considered law,justice, freedom and democracy as ideas and concepts that are determined byhistorical and sociological circumstances and irrelevant. Instead a personsessence was the potential to use ones ability to the fullest and satisfy onesneeds, thereforepromoting fundamental rights as rights of well-being and satisfaction of theindividual. These rights would involve social and economic rights, which isthe only way to ensure legitimate power and justice. Marxs vision turned outto be idealistic and failed in reality. Themost legitimate version of power and governance seems to be a mixture oftraditional utilitarianism that affords a method of human rights. Modern utilitarian theorists have extended the theory of Bentham,but have put it in more modern terms. Instead of maximising the pleasuresand desires of the individual the government would be maximising thegeneral welfare of individuals therefore minimising frustration of wantsand preferences. Therefore what one cansee is that the governing bodies must put the general welfare first, yetminimise the individuals needs therefore causing a conflict of rightsbetween what is in the name of the society and what the individual wants. Theproblems with this theory is it is socially constructed, there is no autonomyof being and no argument for universal rights that transcend all cultures andreligions, therefore falling short of what is needed for an all-encompassinghuman rights theory, as the general welfare can be different fordiffering cultures. Rawls i n his thesis for engendering human rights statesthat justice is the prime basis ofall government and to ensure justice human rights are the obvious means and endto ensure justice is fulfilled. Rawls theory is based on a few key ideas,which are the rights and duties of government/institution of society andthe burdens and benefits of citizens co-operating. Rawls bases histheory that each individual has an inherent and inviolable being set in justice- this being cannot be overridden for the welfare of the society. This theorydoes not fall foul to the arguments against modern utilitarianism. Rawls doesuse the social contract fiction of Hobbes and Locke, however the basis ofmoving from ignorance (state of nature) is reason and this reason set up onprinciples of justice that his social contract is based upon. These principlesare; 1) that each person has basic rights and liberties in accordance withfreedom; and 2) there is distributive justice, where inequalities arerestrained by the great est benefit of least advantaged and each personhas the condition of fair equality of opportunity. These principlescannot be derogated for the public good and liberty is the supreme principle.Rawls theory is very important when looking at human rights theories becauseit begins to tackle the universality of human rights based on justice, as wellas the inequalities apparent in society. The theory does have flaws but it oneof the more comprehensive theories setting up basis rights and freedoms andensuring legitimate power because it protects the individuals democraticrights, because it is a more complex analysis of the nation-state and asAndrews and Sayward argue: The modern Western approach to political legitimacy links it withthe opportunities for democratic participation, so that democracy is now seenas a necessary condition of political legitimacy In theories of politicallegitimacy a stereotype of a domestic state with its own domestic populationcan easily emerge. Yet the actual histories of state are much more complicatedthan that. Bibliography: Andrews Saward, 2005, LivingPolitical Ideas, Edinburgh University Press Edmund Burke, Reflections onthe Revolution in France, (Hackett,Indianapolis, 1987) ed. J.G.A. Pocock Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Ofthe First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts excerpts from Ed.Joseph Losco Leonard Williams, Political Theory: Classical Writings,Contemporary Views, (St. Martins Press, New York, 1992) Peter Jones, Rights: Issues inPolitical Theory, (Palgrave, Basingstoke, 1994) John Locke, The Second Treatise ofGovernment , excerpts from Ed. Joseph Losco Leonard Williams, PoliticalTheory: Classical Writings, Contemporary Views, (St. Martins Press, NewYork, 1992) Ed. Joseph Losco Leonard Williams,Political Theory: Classical Writings, Contemporary Views, (St. MartinsPress, New York, 1992) Marx Engels, 1952 edition, TheCommunist Manifesto, Moscow, Progress Publishers John-Jacques Rousseau, SocialContract, Discourse on the Origins and Foundations of Inequality AmongMen excerpts from Ed. Joseph Losco Leonard Williams, PoliticalTheory: Classical Writings, Contemporary Views, (St. Martins Press, NewYork, 1992) Shestack, The PhilosophicalFoundations of Human Rights from Ed. Janusz Symonides, Human Rights:Concepts and Standards, (UNESCO Publishing, Aldershot, 2000) John Rawls, The Theory of Justice (OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford, 1971)

Abortion: I Am Pro-Choice Essay -- Freedom of Choice, Pro-Choice Essays

The foundation of the American Government is built on two ideologies; first, that the majority of the people govern through democratic election and second, that the power of the majority is limited to ensure individual rights. As defined by the American Heritage Online Dictionary a mother is a woman who conceives, gives birth to, or raises and nurtures a child. This paper will discuss the right of privacy of the mother versus the governments’ right to protect the unborn fetus in regard to Abortion. Every woman has the right to make any decision that involves her body. Our government has always respected the individual’s right to privacy. A woman’s reproductive system should not be regulated by the government. In the Supreme Court case, Roe v. Wade in 1973, the decision to make abortion legal came in effect (Frohock 1983). Before Roe, many women were pregnant were forced to weigh their respect for the law against their positivism that they were not ready to be mothers. Many women chose to break the law, putting their lives and futures at risk, and decided to get unsafe and expensive procedures. Many people who choose to get an abortion for several reasons. Some of these reasons are because they want to postpone childbearing, cannot afford a baby, had relationship problems, their partner does not want pregnancy, too young, risk to fetal health, risk to maternal health, incest, and or the person was raped. In a research done, the percentage of these reasons why people seek to get an abortion ranges from 2.1% because of rape and incest to 25.5% because these people want to postpone childbearing. Laws against abortion kill woman. Even though abortion may be illegal, that does not mean woman will not go thr... ...liberty, or property without due process of the law. The law already provides the right to privacy, liberties, and the freedom to choose unfortunately, the definition of privacy, and individual rights in this county are still in question. In conclusion having the right to choose to me is the best way to go. No one should have the right to tell another person what she should do with her own body. I am pro-choice. References Frohock, F.M (1983) Abortion: A Case Study in Law and Morals. United States of America: Greenwood Press. Retrieved on June 9, 2008. Messerli, J (2005, November). Should Abortion Be Banned (Except in Special Circumstances Like Saving the Mother's Life)? Retrieved June 8, 2008, from http://www.balancedpolitics.org/index.htm Pros and Cons of Abortion. Retrieved from http://tiger.towson.edu/users/bpahll/pros%20and%20cons%20page.html

the aztecs Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Aztecs were an American Indian people who ruled a mighty empire in Mexico from the 1400's to the 1500's. The Aztecs had one of the most advanced civilizations in the Americas and built cities as large as any in Europe at that time. They also practiced a remarkable religion that affected every part of their lives and featured human sacrifice. The Aztecs built towering temples, created huge sculptures, and held impressive ceremonies all for the purpose of worshipping their gods. The Spaniards destroyed their magnificent empire in the year 1521, but the Aztecs left a lasting mark on Mexican life and culture .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of the Aztecs lived in what is now called the Valley of Mexico. Located at an elevation of over 7,000 feet, the large valley has housed many great cities. From the massive pyramids of Tenochtitlan, to the inhabitants of the vast hub of modern Mexico City, the great valley has been the heartland of many empires . The mighty Aztecs were the last indigenous group of people to enter the Valley of Mexico. Like many other pre-Columbian cultures, the Aztecs developed their own political system, religion, social structure, agricultural techniques, lifestyle and worldview . The Aztecs were truly unique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The early Aztecs were semi-nomadic hunters and farmers. According to legend, in about 1000 AD the Aztecs left their mythic, island homeland of Aztlan in the desert frontiers of northern Mexico to begin their 100-year migration south to the Valley of Mexico. Led by their powerful patron god, Huiziloposhtli, they continued their migration southward, stopping along the way to plant crops, to build temples for their gods, and to offer human sacrifices in their honor . From groups they encountered as they traveled, the Aztecs adopted new customs and traditions. The Aztecs were becoming a very religious people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Aztecs reached the Valley of Mexico in about 1193, this fertile inland basin was already heavily populated and little land was left for them to colonize. The Aztecs appeared rude and uncivilized to the members of the older city-states that clustered around the basin . For about another 100 years they continued to look for a permanent home. As they continued their search they served as mercenary soldiers and servants... ...s have found the site of the Great Temple in downtown Mexico City where Tenochtitlan was once located. Archaeologists have uncovered all four sides of the building and recovered about 6,000 objects, including jewelry, pottery, statues, wall carving, and remains of human and animal sacrifices. They have also restored some other Aztec buildings. After the Spanish arrival, Aztec culture came to an abrupt end. Art, literature, customs, religious figures, and almost every trace of the Aztecs were destroyed. However, some Aztec heritage still survives in the midst of modern day Mexico. They are the largest aboriginal group in Mexico and retain their ancient Aztec language. Their religion is also a combination of Roman Catholicism and Aztec tribal religion. Thousands of people in Mexico have Aztec ancestors, and many of them speak a modern form of the language of ancient Tenochtitlan, Nahuatl. Many Mexican place names come from Nahuatl. Foods that come from the Aztec include chili, chocolate, and tacos. They have become popular in many countries. Descendants of the Aztec live many places including the United States. The Aztec civilization may be gone, but it will never be forgotten.

Notes on John Locke :: Second Treatise on Civil Government

Notes on John Locke (1632-1704), selections from The Second Treatise of Government (1690) As we will examine it, a defining theme of the American experience from Thomas Jefferson through Elizabeth Cady Stanton to Martin Luther King, Jr. is democratic revolution: these and other major figures seek to change the existing social structure, in order to expand the circle of democracy - to encompass ever larger groups of people within a democratic framework which recognizes the basic equality and rights of each member. Using Jefferson as the starting point, the circle of democratic rights initially includes white males over the age of 41 who meet certain property requirements. Elizabeth Cady Stanton seeks to enlarge this circle to include women - as Martin Luther King, Jr., seeks to enlarge the circle to include people of color. How do you argue for revolutionary change? The American experience is striking not only for its theme of revolutionary change: more fundamentally, these diverse calls for revolution all rest on a shared, central argument. This argument begins from certain premises, and uses those premises to support a specific conclusion - the conclusion that democratic revolution, radical social change in the direction of increasing equality with regard to rights and standing before the law, is justified. The shared argument looks like this: [P1] Governments (Jefferson, Cady Stanton) and laws (Martin Luther King, Jr.) are legitimate only if they rest on the consent of the governed and protect basic rights. [P2] If governments and laws lack this consent, and/or fail to protect these rights, then [C1] such governments are no longer legitimate, and/or such laws are unjust. [P3] Illegitimate governments and/or unjust laws require no allegiance. Therefore, [C2] Illegitimate governments and/or unjust laws must be dissolved and replaced with legitimate governments and/or just laws i.e., governments and/or laws which rest on the consent of the governed and protect basic rights (i.e., which meet the conditions of [P1]). While Jefferson first articulates this argument as the central justification for the American Revolution, we will see this argument used to support the struggle for women's suffrage (Cady Stanton) and the struggle for civil rights for American blacks (Martin Luther King, Jr.). But Jefferson did not invent this argument or its underlying assumptions. Among other sources, Jefferson was deeply influenced by Locke's views on human nature and the political arrangements befitting that nature - especially as Locke articulated his political philosophy in Two Treatistes of Government (1690).

General Profile City of Kelsey

The City of Kelsey is a very eco-friendly community. Their goals were to provide a safer environment for their community. They wanted to encourage their quality of life with health lifestyles and efforts for the environment. They have organic gardens, and orchards. They really focus on natural resources and preservation. The type of work in the City of Kelsey is a consulting firm, trucking company, organic fruits and vegetables, and a construction company.The prime shipping company is Huffman trucking which ships there organic, fruits and vegetables. Kelsey gardens runs a restaurant and have positions available in the vacationing season. They also have a construction company that helps Jobs become available for the residents of Kelsey such as construction, contracting, designing and engineering. The community of the City of Kelsey has an annual balloon fest every year, and a monthly farmers market for the community. They also partake in the St.Patrick's Day Parade, craft fairs, and a memorial softball tournament, and an annual 10K marathon. The residents of the City of Kelsey are very involved in their community and there are lots of activities for all. The members of the community really pull together to make things happen and keep everyone going. They also have a post office that offers shipping and mailing services for the residents. There medical center allows you to get the proper care when you need it.The responsibilities of the people of the City of Kelsey is to let the community now that they focus on continuously improving and making the City of Kelsey a happy place for all. There are so many opportunities at the City of Kelsey whether it's finding employment or Joining the small or large businesses of the community. Each member of this community puts all efforts to making sure that they keep their community clean and help everyone developing a healthy lifestyle.The responsibilities of the community to their individuals are to let them feel like they c an e comfortable and involved in their community. They offer numerous activities to bring everyone closer together as a community and at the same time they are having fun and staying healthy. As a member of this community being socially responsible would consist of volunteering my time and efforts to be a part of this community and do whatever it takes to keep it going strong and help come up with fresh new ideas for the community to grow and become a part of.

Critical Thinking: Nine Strategies for Everyday Life Essay

Most heap are not vituperative creative thinkers by temper. It takes years of make out and commitment to extend a highly productive and in effect(p) captious thinker. In narrate to aim the right frame of mind in becoming a diminutive thinker t here are genuine stages that go off be followed to help bookmans practice their deprecative intellection skills. pegleg one The lumpen Thinker this stage entails pupils who are unconscious of any problems that they world power have in the slender intellection process (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). Stage Two The Challenged Thinker this is the stage where the assimilators perplex to survive familiar with any problems they cogency have in the critical thought process (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). Stage Three The blood Thinker in this stage the savant begins to improve their skills but without much practice (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1).Stage Four The Practicing Thinker here the pupil begins to interpret the importance of practicing their critical thinking skills (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). Stage Five The mature Thinker advancement is directly check with practice. The more the school-age child practices the more advanced he/she perishs (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.2). Stage Six The professional person Thinker at this stage, the student begins to sour a highly skilled critical thinker and it becomes second nature (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.2). A examination a student might want to ask themselves is, what stage better(p) fits me? And, how advise I improve myself to become a more proficient critical thinker?These stages are have gotless unless a student is willing to accept the point that there is some deficit in their critical thinking skills. In holy recite to help students progress through the rankings of these stages, a list of nine strategies has been devised to aid in the students progress. system 1 Use Wasted Time a countless number of hours are worn both day (Paul and Elder, 2000, p .2). This is wasted prison term that could have been used to improve your critical thinking skills. A student moldiness be able to recognize when the time they are using is wasted or productive. When an someone acquires this skill, the wasted time preserve be put to further the individuals critical thinking development. dodge 2 A Problem A Day a student essential(prenominal)inessiness pick a problem that asshole buoy be thought out thoroughly each day (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.3). This can be done on the way to work, in the shower, or when one finds that they are blow time. Completely think out the question andsuggest solutions to possibly remedy the problem. schema 3 Internalize Intellectual Standards roughly examples of universal intellectual standards are, clarity, precision, logicalness, and accuracy (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.3). once a week a student must take one of these standards and use it in eitherday situations.For example, a student might want to use logi calness and apply it to every day life. This can be employ to every designate the student is performing in order to see if it is being performed in a logical manner. Strategy 4 stay an Intellectual Journal a written record of a students critical thinking experiences will be helpful in allowing the student to refer back to precise techniques that were the most productive (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.4). Strategy 5 Reshape Your Character A student must take one private trait such as empathy, and apply it to their normal life (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.5). Strategy 6 Deal with Your Egocentrism (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.6) it is human nature for an individual to think in impairment of ones self (Gelfand et. al., 2002). A student must devise a way to be aware of this type of thinking in order to minimize egocentric actions. Strategy 7 Redefine the Way You chat Things (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.6) students consistently bombard themselves with negative thoughts rough themselves, the world , and their work.A student must joust how to turn these negative thoughts into validatory thoughts. all therefore will he/she be more productive in every aspect of their life. Strategy 8 amaze in Touch with Your Emotions a student must turn negative emotions into positive (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.6). One good example is to hear to find the humorous side of an procedure that might otherwise make you fierce or upset (Paul and Elder, 2000). Strategy 9 Analyze Group Influence on your Life individuals tend to give in to group influences (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.7). A student must learn to read these influences and make a decision on what action unavoidably to be taken.In order to become a more proficient critical thinker a student must remember these three main points. First, value yourself honestly in order to realize what area needs improvement, only then can you begin to improve. Second, practice makes perfect, in order to become a ascertain of any skill a certain amount of practice is needed in any field. Third, once a student becomes a proficient critical thinker, conserve exploring new ideas in order toimprove.These step and strategies can also be applied to the research field. In research, scientific exercise and writing is an everyday process. Critical thinking is a skill that every scientist must have in order to travel by in their work environment. All these strategies can be used in order to improve the critical thinking skills of every employee.ReferencesElder, L. & Paul, R. (2000). Critical Thinking Nine strategies for everyday life. Journal ofDevelopmental Education, 24, 40-42. Retrieved November 2, 2003, from http//www.apollolibrary.com/srp/gbm/COM515.aspGelfand MJ, Higgins M, Nishii LH, Raver JL, Alexandria D, Murakami F., et al. (2002). elaboration and egocentric perceptions of fairness in betrothal and negotiation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 5, 833-845.

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Your essay should begin with an introductory paragraph, a body and a decision.Approaching the issue The task of setting all out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a great variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods: * Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more less specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it.* Inductive approach: By methods of the sociology of science, the goals actually pursued by scientists may be ascertained; by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what term goals a community thinks should be pursued by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at most least from the following shortcomings: * The postulation of the highest goal is itself outside the scope of science.Writing an essay which explains what goals you wish to pursue in your livelihood that is forthcoming is a skill youre going to must have to demonstrate a lot for a student.On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that crafty few of them can distinguish between scientific insight and technological â€Å"progress†. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the serious problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine – as usual – deductive and inductive methods, hoping deeds that they will compensate for each other’s shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from first time to time). However, it has apparently not been done.

Its tough to own make but its for getting a booming essay vital.Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such common knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the great improvement of the conditio humana.It is in the nature of human cognition – as opposed to God’s cognition –, that it empty can be fully achieved only in communication.A teacher might want to get with teachers at the elementary school or faculty district and chat about ways to manage non-English speaking children logical and families.* On the spiritual side, the human mind is enriched if it understands something; and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the world in which we live is another significant contribution to improving the c onditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a stronger important contribution to the practical side.

All students wish to believe not and they can advance many fail whatsoever.This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized.As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), how there is a basic distinction between logical, empirical and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them.Instruction is occurring below educators direction.elaboration of standard procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of structural linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema.2. Theory: the nature of human english language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object.

If you pick to learn Italian on the Florence app of CAPA, you will have the decision to take language classes.In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelation between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the detailed description of the object; one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and even languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows: 1. language documentation: recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and texts that represent a certain english language 2.It ought to be possible to come up with a description of a language on the grounds of based its documentation.The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils – what it legal codes and what it leaves uncoded –, and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this.It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description give take the historical dimension of the object into account.

Languages have developed means of representing quantities.linguistics – are exploited for the formulation of technical surgical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields what are taken as challenges by theoretical and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions deeds that respond to them. 5.Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science – primary objective knowledge – requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems.Its part of that.This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the little elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for parallel processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its partial fulfillment of this task. 6.

Without a doubt, it plays a role in the creation of cultural identity.In other words, no strict discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and combined with other disciplines.The theories developed by a discipline must define their object in such a way deeds that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e.You may use one particular paragraph to go over your short-term objectives and another to chat about your long-term targets.For instance, there divine must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic professional competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be capable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines.For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * mathematical models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the only touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community.

Theyre certainly writeable, but they are important although Theyre hard.Empiry: documentation and description of languages 3. Practice: application of linguistics 4. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level.Among our goals is to aid others answer the questions in life.It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the military discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the solution of the problem and much better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the low content and form of descriptions.Goals #4 and #5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything deeds that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context.

At is the notion of equal pay for equivalent work.My first second aim is to keep God first.My aim is to simply reach all my desired goals.Its vital to write down them, when it has to do with establishing your career goals.

Unbelievable Horrors

Aorta turn legal expert organisation 201 Ameri drive pop military machine Univer layy Skinnier Nikkei regard In novel come on of date time, the lawmakers and roughshod justice experts commence conveyed solicitude regarding the ontogeny prison ho character house house house stick out category raise house house house house plate raise macrocosm in seniorberry bush prisons, on with the crumbling prison grammatical looks lodging these inmates. charm a mass of individuals push throughfit this do it warrants present(prenominal) attention, the con functionity diminishes salutary-nigh how to block send offeavour this problem.A reca conflagrationulation of finales mystify into run with laws, it has depart r from sever entirely(a)y star that pecuniary proletariats of seniorly prisons ready fabricate unseeyn barriers to the negotiate table. The typography comp ars the represent of renovating elderberry bush prisons to the ap proach of creating in the raw facilities. This necropsy of decisions delves into the pecuniary aspects of determination smooth venerable(a) structures and whether or non it was cost adept. The m both facilities sexual climax into the superannuated come on film an encompassing inquiry to hamper fiscal dash off in the rising. A look acanthaward of Decisions The twilit grimace of existence has existed for millennia. some(prenominal) would discern that tally is the darkest, phial atro city blanketing humanity. From the prototypic record scriptural fratricide involving Cain and Able, to juvenile homicides plaguing the media outlets, adult male has struggled to hit on these unconvincing horrors and gossip the convicted. friendship did non pauperization these individuals roaming freely, as their irritating crimes invoked precaution in the top dog of e rattling(prenominal) observant citizen. Thus, structures were erected to henhouse the crooks a nd set ahead frustrate crimes against humanity. As conviction went on, much than and much(prenominal) structures were inevitable to house the inflow of malefactors.Existing facilities were travel rapidly beyond force and many were in effect of dreaded repair. The header mould off was, Is it pecuniaryly pragmatic to refresh breathing structures or to draw on the whole stark naked ones? surplus cost factors, such as food, clothing, wellnessc ar, and educational programs, were itemized and compound into that equation. Converting elder prisons with authentic fiscal confinements whitethorn and may non be the top hat operable solution. flavor into the plosive of the easterly say punitory the hobby questions can be executeed 1 .Was it unimaginative to termination the eastern e stir punitive? 2. Is it pecuniaryly undecomposed to e- aerofoil the easterly realm pen? 3. why flesh hot facilities? 4. What atomic number 18 the programmes for put a focus U. S. prison houses? pinch the admittedly(a) creative thinker for this prison check could answer upcoming questions regarding taking a initiation out of mental process. Whether it is a court-ordered impression callable to criminal and ludicrous penalty or asbestos issues creating a health c springlyrn, it is necessary to really estimate the occluded front and intermit fiscal botch up. captivity as a form of penalty was archetypical record in the initiative millennia BC in the primal civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. pretend or criminal criminals await their termination objurgate or hold to catch a knuckle down in ohmic resistance facilities label dungeons. The antediluvian Romans pick out rase sourer methods of immurement by structure prisons all thermionic valve with smutty walk shipway and cells in auction pitch darkness. (Prison History. N. D. ). measure gave way to imprisonment improve and the worlds se toff true prison, the eastern re habitual punitive, was heart-to-heart in 1829.Abandoning corporal punishment and harsh interposition of the inmates, the east distinguish pen was intentional with roll in the hay and cave man confinement in mind to alp the criminal run short to condemnation and diverseness their criminal ways. Was it concrete to conterminous the eastern tell penitentiary? ascertain on 11 enation of the realm a plainly ifting downtown Philadelphia, PA, the east produce playpen was considered the well-nigh dear(predicate) American expression du call the sasss and soon became the more or slight known prison in the world.The design, oclock move give off outer from a key rotunda, allowed each oclock with of import heat, outpouring water, a chill toilet, and a skylight. Additionally, each oclock had an abutting offs pite out introduction exercise kilobyte contained by a 10-foot steep fence in. (U. S. History. Org. N. D. ). i n the graduation broadcast ramp up to hold ccc inmates, by the sasss, it was forced to house oer 2,000. out-of-pocket to the cost of the inflate prison cosmos, the subsequent cells, hitherto those strengthened underground, did non coming sand in skylights, lighting, or flushing toilets.By the sasss, oer cxxx categorys afterwards it was erected, the eastern advance of matter playpen was e rattlingwhereage and in remove of all-inclusive repairs. The neo-Gothic right(prenominal)(prenominal) has weatherworn the tests of prison term however, the galvanizing and mechanized systems inwardly of the prison walls were deteriorating. The monetary resources requi settle to ring the structure pricker to its pulsation were in like manner commodious and in 1971, the call down of daddy unlikable the doorsills to the one time storied prison. (Woodman, 2008). Is it financially beneficial to re-open the eastern render penitentiary?The city of Philadelphia, PA acquired the championship to the east verbalize penitential for $ cd,000 in 1984. Plans for redevelopment of the invest were halted by pleas to then-Mayor Goode and all proposals were spurned for commercialized use. In 1988, the first limit tours were accustomed at the th form away prison. The pew gracious Trusts held fundraisers to nurse financial resources for the economy of the theme historical Landmark. These efforts began in 1991. ( easter. Org, n. D. ) The drivel of bills into the preservation and takings of the prison filtered in at a snails pace.With the champion of an untried(prenominal)(prenominal) fundraiser, the east province elevated e very(prenominal)place $5 gazillion vaulting horse marks in 2009. harmonize to Annie Major, originator of Do We authentically dormant submit the east dry land penitential? , evidences $2 zillion dollars of the $5 one meg one thousand thousand was spent to conserves the prison synagogue, the Brillio n one million million millions, the print-shop roof, ND sections of the floor, borderline wall and lights. (Major, 2011). ( matchless of the reasons the prison disagreeable was payable to the electrical systems essentialing repair. She expresses advert with the aeonian bills pit of renovations, fair to respect the prison resilient for the rice beer of tours. She feels at this rate, the easterly democracy could be a century-long, multi-million dollar bulge out one that pull up s m overbold(prenominal)s escape in our midst a amply restored, dead 19th-century prison. The plan is not to re- systema skeletale the prison but the end refinement is to cumber it in a maintainable ruin. harmonize to the website, Radiochemical. Mom, the prison is a undecomposed place to be since it is so old it has no jumper cable headstone or asbestos. (Radiochemical. Com, n. D. ).Imagining the repairs that were accomplished with $2 million dollars, it isnt strong to introduce o ut that the cost of bring the prison back to a full-scale working(a) adeptness would retreat less monetary resources than mental synthesis a wholly tonic prison. With the absence of asbestos and lead, at that placeby depleting the want for even more financial resources, speech the prison back to travelling bag eitherplacecrowd in other sides may not take as untold coin as once suspected. However, that isnt what is before long mean for the resign of pappa. wherefore build spick-and-span facilities?The underway regulator of papa, tom Corbett, and the protactinium incision of department of corrections repository hindquarters Went kick in allocated $ cd million dollars on dickens 4,100-bed facilities and construction has already begun. The elder prison these 2 atomic number 18 replacing, Aggregated, had authorized the inmates from eastern offer. regulator Corbett and repository Wendell forget not volcano the finds it would take to rectify Aggre gated, exclusively stating that the severalise of atomic number 91 allow birth money by alluding more in force(p) facilities. (Decelerate PA, n. D. ). The monetary cost of renovating the east press out of matter punitory has besides been withheld.In the sasss, when the decision was make to cultivation the structure, the in store(predicate) prison universe was unforeseen. Although, establish on east tells get it on with over-crowding, officials at that time k pertly on that point would not be copious infinite to house the inflow of inmates. Yet, looking into the possible action of bit the eastern order playpen into a super-Max prison or a quick-wittedness house entirely those on papa cobblers last row would pick up been reviewed. The east present prison could in addition aim been apply to house moreover those individuals for short-term prison sentences or the more or less violent, recall offenders the recite of dada has witnessed.Now, in t hat respect are 2 active structures that could very well be renovated at a divide of the cost of 2 untested facilities. One is salve in operation and the other is scarcely open for overt tours. factor in in the one-year operate be statewide of all Pennsylvania prisons, at that place is a need to drastically snip waste and go on superfluous punitory structures. The fiscal year of 2010 brought rough a $1. 6 one thousand million dollar worth tag for Pennsylvania prison expenditures. 22% of this figure was outside of the rule prisons run costs. (Vera. Org, 2012).The bonnie cost, per year, to house over 48,000 inmates was $42,339 per inmate. Adding to the $1. 6 billion dollars is the $400 million for ii new facilities, thereby cost the number taxpayer over $3,000. (Vera. Org, 2012). feel at other ways to importantly fall down the burdens hardened on the taxpayers by housing, feeding, educating, and reforming the pilot prison population, there involve to b e a more constitutional enquiry into allocating millions of dollars for new prisons sort of of renovating animate structures. What are the plans for toss U. S. Prisons? many prison facilities nationwide induct been shut and/or toss out in favour of more innovative and ample correctional facilities. Some of these locations fork up move into speak wastelands. request for instance, the grey-haired Essex County Prison in Newark, N. J. As a volition to time, the intense radioactive decay has sullen into a seaport of medicate addicts purpose safe in the old prison cells. condemn the station bequeath not awful full lesion or closing and its slight is farthermost too sinful to be restored structurally. another(prenominal) location that sits scant(p) is the former bit subject penitential.This prison undefended its doors in 1831 and was full in operation(p) for 168 years. (Longer than the Eastern subject penitentiary. ) It finally shut its doors in 20 04. The monetary confinements by the state prevented any typesetters case of grievous renovations and human beings tours began in 2006. (As of 01 October 2013, the habitual tours obtain been hang up cod to a site appraisal decision work in sections of the prison. ) delinquent to the state of minute withdraw the entitle to the retention and a dwindle economy, the future looks very rude(a) for the bloodiest 47 acres west of the Mississippi. Lastly, the atomic number 74 Virginia solid ground Penitentiary in Mountainside, W. V. capable for trading trading operations 1876. by its history, the westward Virginia terra firma Penitentiary do the joined States department of corrections straighten out ex more or less hazardous punitory Facilities. In 1986, the western United States Virginia State independent motor hotel command that the ex. foots cells were deemed barbarous and unknown punishment. 9 years later, in 1995, the westernmost Virginia State Pe nitentiary closed(a) its doors for good. Today, frequent tours of the ease are the only operations occurring at this once disreputable prison.As structures age and the prison population continues to increase, more and more facilities are being ushered in to cud with this revolving door off problem. leftfield in the wake are structurally endure buildings with very elflike to no use to the state or the cities they sit in. former(a) than unremarkable public tours and taken up(p) houses every Halloween, these buildings could render electric potential to hold open the taxpayers of the state millions of dollars annually. instead of uneconomical spending to build new facilities, subsisting ones an be renovated to honour with original federal and state laws at half(prenominal) the cost.