Four Stages of Change

The first act of change is denial. For most people in this stage, change is not easy to accept, and they react to it with a sense of denial or inability to see a problem. People in this stage do not believe that change is happening realistically. To avoid showing denial, people try to focus their attention on other things. In Jamie Oliver's episodes, the citizens of Huntington focused their attention on things, such as, the amount of money it costs to buy healthier food and how much more time it would take to prepare it.The lunch ladies were very close-minded and seemed to always have an argument of denial against what Jamie was trying to preach to them. At one point in an episode, the head lunch lady even stated, â€Å"why fix something that isn’t broken. † But, the reality is, that the food and overweight issues in the small town of Huntington is an issue. They just do not want to come to terms with facing it. Change is often interpreted as foreign and uncertain feeli ngs, so people shift their attention to past customs and what makes them feel secure.Jamie's role in this stage is to help the people of Huntington understand what is happening and how it affects them. The second act of change is resistance. People begin to resist change when they realize that the change is taking place whether they want it to or not. Feelings of anger, doubt, fear, and anxiety begin to develop, which can hinder the process of change. In Jamie Oliver's episodes, the lunch ladies of the elementary school exemplified a great deal of resistance in the change Jamie was trying to put forth.They constantly spoke about how they didn’t think that what Jamie was doing would work, and constantly complained about the new roles and strategies outlined for them. These things happen because people get pushed out of their comfort zone, and arguments and non-cooperation are ways in which team members show their resistance to change. In this stage, Jamie lends an ear to the t eam members concerns surrounding the change, and tries to encourage them that everything will work out.The third stage of change is consideration. Here, team members give up on arguments and begin to become a â€Å"team player. † People start acting and learning the new ways to contribute towards the changing process. They understand the rationality of the change, and how they are an important aspect in making that change happen. Rhonda began to consider the change process when she saw how the young children reacted to the healthier food that Jamie provided for them. She gave Jamie more time to allow his process to take place.Also, the parents started â€Å"jumping on board† when they watched the demonstration that Jamie put on for them about what their kids are really eating, and how much nutrition they are really getting. People in this stage begin to start contributing towards the change to find out what is really in store for them. Jamie does a great job of helping the team members participate actively and providing them with the knowledge and training that will make them more comfortable in their new roles. The final stage of change is acceptance. In this stage, productivity and emotions are completely restored.Members of the change process begin to accept their new roles and begin to settle in, as they gain more control in whats happening. An example of this taking place is when the high school lunch ladies committed to cooking the food from scratch, as they gave their support to Jamie's cause. Jamie rewards and acknowledges the ladies for their dedication and contributions as he continues to motivate them to stay committed. It is going through this final stage of change that allows the process to actually take place within itself.

Japanese fiction works are better than Western ones Essay

Q:What kind of Japanese fiction works? A:This presentation is mostly about comics and animation produced in Japan, but it covers also TV Shows and movies Topic: Japanese fiction General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade you that Japanese fiction is better than western fiction regarding comics, animation, movies and TV shows Thesis statement: Although Western people see Japan as a calculating land with brutally efficient workers, they are in fact individualistic, expressive and sentimental if we can judge them from their works of fiction who surpass our own in various aspects Introduction: I. How other countries think of Japan II. Thesis statement III. Reminding the meaning of the terms manga and anime Body: I. First argument: Japan’s tendency to mix various influences from all over the world A.Japan borrows various foreign things and merges them with other elements B.Example regarding religion of Japan C.This tendency in regards to fiction II.Second Argument: How Japanese portray life, human relations, nature and the world in their fiction works A.Human nature is portrayed as it is B.Japan’s popular culture has a tight closeness to the ordinary, everyday lives of its audience C.Manga on any theme imaginable and toward any age range D.How human relations are portrayed III.Third Argument: Heroes’ fate after their struggle, death and the morality of the universe in Japanese fiction A.What defines a hero in Japan B.Death in japanese fiction C.View of the universe as amoral IV.Opposition/Refutation A1. Pornographic themes in manga and anime A2. Refutation B1. Japan’s cultural insularity robs it of relevance for other societies B2. Refutation Conclusion: I. Quote from Antonia Levi If someone will say that Japanese people are imaginative, sentimental, expressive and individualistic might earn him strange glances in most countries of the world. Many Westerners see Japan as a cold, calculating land of ant-like workers with brutal efficiency. Students are seen as oppressed slaves to their studies, pounded down like nails until their imaginations and individuality are crushed, or until they are driven to suicide. Japanese social culture is often seen as blanketed under stifling layers of politeness and formality, characterized by endless bowing. However, underneath all these there is the hidden Japanese soul. Almost all of the Japanese escape from reality through fiction works. These domestically created fiction works be it comics, animation, movies or TV shows enjoy great popularity not only in Japan but also in many countries of the world. Therefore, because these specific works are strikingly different from what we’re used to here in the Western world, it is inevitable to compare these two: the Western fiction works and the Japanese ones. Hello, everybody, my name is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I will talk to you about Japanese fiction works and I will compare them to Western ones so as to enforce my opinion and persuade you of course, that Japanese fiction is better than Western fiction. Before starting, I want to make you acquainted with two terms. Manga, which is used to refer to the Japanese comics and anime, which refers to the Japanese animation. As a first argument, I have to inform you that Japan has the tendency to borrow various foreign things and to tinker with them, merging them with native or other elements so that they become something new and often quite distinct from the original. As an example, regarding religion, Taoism was the original religion of Japan but this didn’t stop Japanese people from accepting Buddhism as well, and even acquiring some aspects of other religions in addition, like Christianity. In works of fiction this tendency of the Japanese means new and non-static entertainment through mixing different influences from around the world without having to suffice only to the myths and the influences of their own country. For my second argument supporting Japanese fiction, I want to inform you about the way Japanese portray life, human relations, nature and the world in their fiction works. The world and human nature in Japan’s pop culture can be portrayed as they are, not as they should be. This allows Son Goku, Dragonball’s raised in the wild, central character, to be drawn naked, without the private parts-covering fig leaf that had to be added for American TV. It allows as well, the darker side of life to be portrayed. In an episode of Naniwa Kin Yudo, which is an anime TV series, the protagonist Haibara encourages the girlfriend of a customer, who cannot repay his loan, to work as a prostitute to cover her boyfriend’s debt. Scenes such as this can be disturbing but they are part of life and are neither denied nor hidden. Kazuhiko Torishima, editor of Japan’s best-selling comic magazine Shonen Jump states: â€Å"I feel sorry for U.S. kids, who live in an adult-filtered Disney world.† Moreover, Japan’s popular culture has a tight closeness to the ordinary, everyday lives of its audience. American comic artist Brian Stelfreeze has said: â€Å"Comics in the U.S. have become such a caricature. You have to have incredible people doing incredible things, but in Japan it seems like the most popular comics are the ones of normal people doing normal things.† Part of the normalcy is that the characters that populate Japan’s manga, anime and TV dramas display plenty of character flaws and weaknesses along with their strengths and good points. Furthermore, as Ian Reader, a scholar of Japanese religions and popular culture, has noted: â€Å"Manga are simply too fascinating, colorful and rich a literary medium to be left solely to children. In Japan one can find manga on any theme imaginable and toward any age range.† which is certainly not the case with American comic books. In addition, Timothy Craig which is an author, writes in his book entitled â€Å"Japan Pop!† that, human relations are a pervasive topic in Japanese pop culture, as one would expect from a society that places great importance on the group, harmony, and the smooth management of conflict. Human relations are also portrayed with a sophistication that does justice to the complexity of human affairs. Issues are many-sided, emotions are mixed, solutions are neither easy nor obvious, and outcomes are often ambiguous – not unlike real life. He continues by saying that, in Japanese fiction the human characters are more real. They  exhibit a fuller range of human emotions and are put into more realistic situations, sometimes with unpleasant outcomes, than allowed by Disney’s â€Å"perfectly preserved, stiflingly safe fairytale-based storylines.† For my last argument I will talk about heroes’ fate after their struggle, about death and the morality of the universe and therefore god, in Japanese fiction. We here in the Western world, are used to good being only good and be rewarded in the end and evil being only evil and be punished in most of the cases. This is not the case in Japanese culture. It’s not unknown in Japan for heroes to become villains and vice versa. Moreover, the Japanese hero is defined by motivation than in the West where heroism is more dependent on result. The ideal Japanese hero is not only self-sacrificing, but also unconcerned with personal gain or survival. The hero’s willingness to give his or her all to it is what counts. Winning doesn’t matter either. Losing and gaining nothing confirms the hero’s altruism and renders his or her sacrifice all the more tragic. Many characters also, meet meaningless, undeserved ends. And fans love that aspect, the fact that bad things , even death, can happen to any character at any time. It doesn’t matter how brave, how good, or even how popular they are. According to my opinion, this fact is absolutely in accordance to how our own world works. Death and bad things generally, can be around the corner for any person, no matter how kind or good-willed he or she is. According to a book by author Antonia Levi titled â€Å"Understanding Japanese Animation† that doesn’t happen on American TV where virtue is rewarded and evil is punished. That’s mainly because America is a Christian culture that believes that the universe is, or it should be, a moral place. The Japanese peoples’ take on this is that universe is amoral. Shinto as well, has no moral code at all! It simply celebrates life. Heroism and self-sacrifice may define a japanese character as a hero, but they will not save him or her. The universe simply doesn’t care. On the opposing side now and regarding manga and anime specifically, some of you may have noticed and may say that a lot of these works have pornographic themes. Wrong. According to the author of the book â€Å"Understanding Japanese Animation† these works are actually a very small portion of the total production of Japan in manga and anime that is disproportionately exported  to the Western world. Another opposition stated by quite a few people, expresses that Japan is a one-dimensional economic power marked by a cultural insularity that robs it of relevance for other societies. Wrong again. The success and presence of Japan’s cultural exports in countries apart from Asian ones such as U.S.A, Canada and most of the European countries is strong evidence that Japan’s culture does have relevance for other societies. To conclude, and quote author Antonia Levi, it’s not just that Japan’s pop culture deals with dilemmas in a more realistic fashion, or that it raises issues considered taboo in other countries. Its willingness to show death and other bad stuff restores a kind of tension, a genuine dramatic emotionality that Hollywood and TV seem to have forgotten about. Bibliography: Clements, Jonathan and Helen McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 Stone Bridge Press, 2001. Craig, Timothy. Japan Pop: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture East Gate, 2000. Levi, Antonia. Samurai from Outer Space: Understanding Japanese Animation Carus Publishing, 1998. Patten, Fred. Anime Stereotypes. Newtype, Issue Dec.2003 A.D.Vision Publications. For my third argument supporting my opinion, I will talk about the presence of female heroes in Japanese fiction. In the Western world apart from such exceptions as Wonder Woman, She-ra and Xena the role of superhero has traditionally been reserved for males, and targeted a predominantly male audience especially in comic books. This is not the case with Japanese  fiction. Japanese don’t neglect females be it on the starring roles of their fiction works or as a target group audience. In manga specifically, there exists a separate genre called shoujo manga with many sub-genres itself, which raises issues and has stories related and devoted to women. The presence of females as featured heroes in manga, animation and TV shows has been much stronger in Japan than in the western world. As the book â€Å"Japan Pop† specifically reports: â€Å"in Japan girl heroes are now as common and popular as boy heroes. The reasons for this are complex and, while hardly due to a greater feminist consciousness in Japanese society, are clearly linked to the increase in recent years of female artists.

ALGORITHM - MEANING

ALGORITHM MEANING In the most basic sense, an algorithm is a process- a set of detailed instruction that must be carried out in a particular order and follows logic to attain a given result. An algorithm is a well-defined procedure or set of rules guaranteed to achieve a certain objective. You use an algorithm every time you follow the directions to put together a new toy, use a recipe to make cookies, or defrost something in the microwave (personal algorithms). When the term algorithm used in math, it typically refers to a set of steps or procedures used to solve a mathematical computation. In mathematics, an algorithm is a specific series of steps that will give you the correct answer every time. For example, in grade school, you and your classmates probably learned and memorized a certain finite steps or procedures for addition, subtraction and multiplying etc. (standard algorithms). Algorithm are of two type: informal (personal) and formal (standard) algorithm. An informal algorithm is a procedure that the student him/herself figured out while a formal algorithm is a process and procedure that has been taught to them. It may or may not be similar to a conventional algorithms (formal algorithms). Examples on Informal Algorithms Examples on Formal Algorithms 1. ADD the given numbers 109 + 207 Jimmy did like this. David did like this. =100+9+200+7 109-9=100 =300+16 207-7=200 =316 200+100=300 9+7=16 300+16=316 2. Multiply the given number 25Ãâ€"13 25(20+5) x13(10+3) ————– 15 60 50 + 200 ————— 325 1. ADD the given numbers 109+207 1 109 + 207 ——– 316 ——– 2. Multiply the given number 25Ãâ€"13 1 25 x13 ———— 75 +25x ———— 325 MERITS OF INFORMAL ALGORITHMS They learn to think and use their common sense, as well as new skills and knowledge. Students who invent their own procedures: Learn that their intuitive methods are valid and that mathematics makes sense. Become more proficient with mental arithmetic. Are motivated because they understand their own methods, as opposed to learning by rote. Become skilled at representing ideas with objects, words, pictures, and symbols. Develop persistence and confidence in dealing with challenging problems. ADVANTAGES OF THE FORMAL ALGORITHMS Plunkett (1979), Thompson (1997), Usiskin (1998) and other writers offered several reasons for this. These included :  ¢ Standard algorithms are powerful in solving classes of problems, particularly where the computation involves many numbers, where memory may be overloaded.  ¢ Standard algorithms contracted, summarizing several lines of equation involving distributivity and associativity.  ¢ Standard algorithms are automatic, being able to be taught to, and carried out by, someone without having to analyze the underlying basis of the algorithm.  ¢ Standard algorithms are fast, with a direct route to the answer.  ¢ Standard algorithms provide the written record of computation, enabling teachers and students to locate any errors in the algorithm.  ¢ Standard algorithms can be instructive.  ¢ For teachers these are easy to manage and assess. DISADVANTAGES OF THE FORMAL ALGORITHMS Kamii and Dominick (1998), McIntosh (1998), and Northcote McIntosh (1999) have potential dangers that can be summarized as follows :  ¢ They do not correspond to the ways in which people tend to think about numbers.  ¢ They encourage children to give up their own thinking and creativity, leading to loss of ownership of ideas .  ¢ The traditionally-taught (standard) algorithm may no longer be the most efficient and easily learned.  ¢ They tend to lead to blind acceptance of results and over-zealous applications. Given the focus on procedures that require little thinking, children often use an standard algorithms when it is not at all necessary.  ¢ There is a high probability that the students will lose conceptual knowledge in the process of gaining procedural knowledge. There is also the use of relevance. Students use standard algorithms for only a small proportion of their calculation.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Reading response - Essay Example People should base their actions on the desire to promote the happiness and welfare of others. The new society must be based on brotherly love between people. According to Winthrop, the coexistence of people suggests a sincere belief in God and adherence to ethical principles, which are given by Christianity. Love, kindness, mercy, justice, and mutual aid are considered as the basic ethical principles that will enable people to live a happy and peaceful life. The new society is intended to conform to Gods ideal. Only God can justify the existence of the ideals of the new society in the Americas. People should do everything possible so that their life was based on respect for God and desire to follow the path, which is consistent with the plan of God to people. This path involves strict adherence to ethical principles, which should help people to create heaven on earth. Thus, Winthrops speech can be viewed as a project of an ideal society, which the author proudly calls the City upon a Hill. This project is optimistic as to what future awaits the people. Winthrop is confident that in the New World, people will be able to find what they have been looking for so long, namely prosperity, well-being and peace. On the other hand, people need to be proactive in creating a new godly society where all of them are brothers and sisters to each other. The project assumes that people consciously and voluntarily entrust their lives to God who enters their hearts and minds as an integral part of their nature. Winthrop encourages people to open their souls and hearts to God. This spiritual union promises prosperity and happiness both for the people and for God. In general, this speech bears the imprint of a kind of religious fanaticism. I am surprised ho w Winthrop encourages people to purify their hearts and minds from bad thoughts and follow the path that God prepared for them. The new Christian society is seen as the successor of the mission of

International relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International relations - Essay Example After all, since the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945, the world has seen plenty of wars that the world body failed to avert. At the same time, however, students of the UN are inclined to give it the credit for the decreasing intensity of the wars. Although realists see the laws of power politics as relatively timeless and unchanging, liberal theorists generally see the rules of IR as slowly, incrementally evolving through time and potentially becoming more and more peaceful. (Joshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse. â€Å"International Relations, 8/e†. 2008) This evolution results primarily from gradual buildup of international organization and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from changes in norms and public opinion (identity)†¦ â€Å"We are not doomed to a world of recurring war but can achieve a more peaceful world,† says Goldstein and Pevehouse. For example, in recent years a strong trend toward fewer warts has become evident (Human Security Centre. Human Security Report 2005: â€Å"War and Peace in the 21st Century; 2006). For instance, to many Americans the world seems more war-prone and violent than ever because the United States is at war on a scale not seen since Vietnam. Yet, for the world as a whole, the current period is one of the least warlike ever, with fewer and smaller wars than in the past. â€Å"In the first half of the 20th century, world wars â€Å"killed tens of millions and left whole contents in ruin; in the second half, during the Cold War, proxy wars killed millions, and the world feared a nuclear war that could have wiped out our species. Now, in the 21st century, wars like those in Iraq and Sudan kill hundreds of thousands.† (Goldstein and Pevehouse) The late 1990s and the early 21st century saw termination of vestigial remnants of Cold War era, such as in Angola, Northern Ireland, Guatemala, and southern Sudan, following South Africa and Mozambique earlier in the 1990s. Most wars that erupted after the end of

Critical Leadership Competencies Needed in 2020 Assignment

Critical Leadership Competencies Needed in 2020 - Assignment Example Johnson & Army War College (2000) assert that there has to be accountability in leadership because of the dynamic nature of the society. It is recommendable for a leader to have persuasive skills and be open to other people’s ideology. Understanding future leadership indicates that a leader should have a formidable followership. This is attainable only when the boundaries of the expectations of leadership are defined. According to Marx (2006), learning has to be continuous in the leadership approaches in future. Respect will be mandatory for both parties to benefit from leadership; honesty will be a plus. Competition in the society is forcing leaders to exude positivism in the attitude. As such, the leader has to be friendlier in his approach to command a following in the current society. Leadership will be complicated because of the introduction of measures for monitoring performance. Globalization will influence leadership in various ways. It will lead to the introduction of technology that forces leadership to devise new strategies of handling organizational challenges (Hesselbein, Goldsmith & LLI, 2006). Diversification due to interaction of people in the globe requires a leader to be versatile and informed. Technological programs that assist in decision-making will alter leadership needs in an organization. External changes such as the use of technology in management will revolutionize leadership to a more inclusive

Rhet writing homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhet writing homework - Essay Example While Europe was busy slaughtering animals potentially infected with Foot-and-Mouth disease and Mad Cow Disease, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tried to curb the outbreak of BSE in the U.S. by expediting new rules that prohibited the use of certain proteins in cattle feeds (Schlosser 272). Stakeholders fought the FDA’s decision arguing that the body’s linking of the animal diseases to human infections was â€Å"totally unsupported by any scientific evidence† (Schlosser 273). They, therefore, somehow found a way to bring British meat into the American market. What followed was the death of ten young people who had contracted a previously unknown ailment but later called new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), which effectively destroyed their brains. Some of the victims had been â€Å"keen consumers of beef burger† (Schlosser 199). This disease was later established to be the human form of BSE. Indeed, Meat packing companies are effectively sh own to play a crucial role in spreading these forms of pathogens. The conditions of work in most of the meat packing companies do not allow for aseptic handling of these products. As such, the meat is often contaminated with pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli among others (Schlosser 202). Their tendency to ignore the swabbing and testing of the meat products for these pathogens before distribution to the market, as required by law, is seen as the main loophole through which pathogens get to end-point consumers. Their argument, of course, has to do with the economics of performing these procedures, which had previously condemned thousands of tons of meat products. Perhaps the most captivating was the rejection of Bauer Meats, with the government declaring them â€Å"unfit for human consumption,† after an eleven-years-old child got seriously ill (Schlosser 219). However, the most recent scandal involving the meatpacking industry has to do with the detection of Horse meat in Findu’s beef Lasagna. According to the FSA, â€Å"Findus analyzed 18 of its beef lasagna meals and found 11 contained between 60% and 100% horsemeat† (Sky News). Investigations revealed that it was a case of mislabeling, a role that is entirely undertaken in the meatpacking companies. Consequently, Findu’s 320g, 360g and 500g meals were withdrawn from supermarket shelves (Sky News). Crime in the Meat packing companies do not end there though. Approximately over a century after Upton Sinclair discredited that apparently large slaughterhouse complex in Chicago as a â€Å"jungle,† numerous studies have been conducted. These studies have documented numerous negative effects of slaughterhouses on workers and communities (Fitzgerald, Kalof, and Dietz 1). Starting from the poor working conditions in these companies to the unnatural acts that happened behind their walls, meat packing companies participate in criminal activities that negatively affect the socie ty. Indeed, most of the workers interviewed in Fast Food Nation confirm that this is the worst job an individual can be doing. Reiterating that meat packing companies always operated on profit margins, these workers quoted the 1999 survey that established injury rates in these companies as being â€Å"†¦26.7 per 100 hundred workers. For the rest of U.S. manufacturing, it was 9.2 per hundred workers† (Schlosser 172). The injuries mainly resulted from the sharp knives whole the ailments resulted from the cold working

Arbitration Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arbitration - Case Study Example Instead the allegations made against him were presented at that time. It would be interesting to determine who crossed his name out - assuming that this occurred - and why. If the claimant's allegations are proven to be true then it would appear that there has been a conspiracy to remove him from the company. How high up the conspiracy would go is not clear, but on the face of things would appear to involve the manager on duty that day since the work schedule has been defaced, and this has not been queried (at least not as far as one can tell, based upon the article). Since the article does not give the company's side of the dispute it is difficult to gauge the veracity of the claimant's account. However, clearly they feel there is a case to be answered since they are prepared to go to arbitration. The greatest difficulty the manager has in this situation is obtaining a truthful account of what happened. The claimant did not seek his line manager's advice at the time that he alleges he saw his name crossed out. Nor would it appear that until matters had reached a head did the claimant make any allegations of discrimination or unfair treatment from his colleagues. Assuming that I was aware of the tensions brewing in the kitchen my first priority would have been to prevent an escalation of the matter. Clearly there is at least one person in the organisation who does not respect other members of staff, namely the person who the claimant alleges swore at him. Had I been made aware of this I would have given the offender a verbal warning, and made it clear that no-one comes to work to have their self-esteem undermined. Depending on how wide spread such behaviour appeared to be I would also initiate a round of anti-discrimination continuing professional development classes, focusing particularly upon the issues in our specific workplace. Also it would appear that there is a shortage of staff in the kitchen or at least under employment of some members of staff and over employment of others - namely the claimant. This suggests that a time and motion study needs to be undertaken to ensure that there are sufficient hands on deck, and that employees are able to complete the tasks in order to keep the business functioning. 3. this is a union situation and has moved to arbitration. recognizing your chracteristics, what method of dispute resolution would you take yo could agree it should go to arbitration or should have been dealt with differantly. you may choose which ever way you want. however you must explain why you choose this method of resolution from teh union and why or why not, what would be the worst method Although arbitration is less expensive than a full industrial tribunal, I would opt for an in-house resolution, the primary reason being to reduce negative publicity. Not only is there a grievance matter here, there may also be a disciplinary issue. I would be tempted to return to the drawing board and exhaust our internal systems prior to handing it over to

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Buddhism - Essay Example It is normally interpreted as good words, good conduct, and good thoughts. This entails giving, compassion, kindness, love, and delight in other people’s joy and all act of generosity and selflessness. Buddhists also directs themselves via the ethic fields with the knowledge of 6 realms. Rebirth is never guaranteed, and committing to bad behaviors will result to suffering bad rebirth ones in hell, animal realms, or even prate. Clear predictions of suffering and the nature of being in the reals are bound in Buddhist literature, apparently to shock and scare followers to improve their conduct. However, the attitude that befalls Buddhism towards bad deeds is more therapeutically rather than heavily judgmental. No believer can be written off beyond the salvation on the ground that what he has done is depicted to be irretrievably bad, evil, sinful, or wicked. Additionally, there has been no attempt to render or condemn those perceived to be guilty. In some instances, they are seen sympathetically, for they develop a path that could easily be followed, But the Law can never be evitable; we reap what and where we have sown. The above is certainly applicable and correct, yet to some extent it is proper to say that the ethics of Buddhism are rooted in rebirth and Karmas. ... Indeed one can say that without the dimensions of life, the ethics would not be there at all. This is because people would be the end product of interactions between molecules from where the consequences of morals would not flow. Therefore, in this scenario the only benchmark for the ethics would be relative, social, subjectively shifting, and based on the biological survival. Buddhism says a lot of the problems and how to solve them. Buddhism teaches people on the basic noble truth. Meaning there are four true facts and four truths that any person can truly realize. The four are certainly the problems that people face in their daily lives. Therefore, the teachings of Buddhism are directed to enable people to overcome the problems they face in life. The methods are very down to earth and very rational. The teachings show that every problem that one experiences came from a cause. It is imperative to look into one life and see the difficulties that one faces. There is no bid difference between the Buddha and the ordinary person. The difference is dwelled in the mind and the action of someone. It is very crucial to appreciate that the earlier Buddhism aspiration has been the wish to be happy together with other people. Buddhism has so believed that it is pure and eternal desire of everyone in the depth of one’s life. The thought is equally and originally inherent in the Buddha lives and in conventional people alike. Anyone who is awakened and lives according to the teaching of Buddha can attain the Buddhahood status by having profound self-esteem that the Buddha has. It is always tricky to see the Buddhahood principle manifesting in the life of a person but as a deal which is unattainable. Few will believe that when respecting other people, is the proper way for

Effective mediated communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effective mediated communication - Essay Example Few people write letters or read the newspaper anymore as these are seemingly archaic methods of communication. Neither provides instant information, a tool that is today essential for businesses to compete and simply a fact of life that is taken for granted for most in the U.S. â€Å"Nowadays, we think nothing of emailing our aunts in Germany and getting an answer back within minutes, or seeing the latest streaming video full of up to the minute news† (Boswell, 2006). There are as many disadvantages as advantages offered in this mode of communication as messages are misread, misdirected, misunderstood or simply go missing. While several of these issues don’t arise when people are given the opportunity to communicate on a face-to-face basis, an entirely new set of issues are introduced as messages are forgotten, lose their focus or the participants become sidetracked on other issues or other external events. The purpose of this paper is to discover just what are the str engths and weaknesses of face to face communication as they compare with the strengths and weaknesses of hard copy communication methods. For many people, face to face communication is the best means of interacting with another person for a variety of reasons. People who communicate face to face are obviously able to do so in a real-time format, meaning that it occurs for both people at the same time as they are looking at each other. When the conversation reaches a point where greater clarification or further discussion is felt necessary, this conversation has the opportunity of taking place immediately. According to Adler et al (2007), this attribute of synchronicity is the first of three significant features of oral face to face communication. The second significant feature is the richness of information that can be obtained through this method of communication. While two people are looking at each other,

The Effects of the Harlem Renaissance to the Life of the Afro-Americans Essay Example for Free

The Effects of the Harlem Renaissance to the Life of the Afro-Americans Essay History tells us that the Blacks were initially known nothing but slaves in the United States. They have been introduced in the United States as slaves in the tobacco plantations and since then they have always been treated as inferior and subordinate to the White folks. â€Å"As dark-skinned people, African-Americans have identified themselves and been identified by others as different from first-class citizens. Their color stands for poverty and poverty’s stigma (Andersen 4). † There has been great effort for a few of them to resist this oppression among the Whites but they did not in any way succeed. They have become a subject of tortures, lynchings, and abuses. Their ways were seen as backward and not modern. The American Civil war was said to have ended slavery but never the oppression that goes along with it. After the abolition of slavery by the former President Braham Lincoln, the Blacks were no longer employed as slaves, laundrywomen, workers, and tenants to the White folks but they remained to be discriminated. They were not acknowledged as human beings. They were loathed. They were seen as different and not worthy of respect. As a consequence, they hated their color, their culture, and their origin. They were insecure of themselves. And while they weren’t able to gain respect from others, even more disheartening, is they did not gain respect for themselves (Andersen 285). These dire situations of the Black changed during the Harlem Renaissance and forward. While there are many black people who were lynched in the South and most African Americans were not allowed to exercise their right to vote as citizens of the United States, â€Å"the leaders of the Harlem Renaissance questioned the value of democracy for their people (Painter 193). † They encouraged the wealthy and the educated Whites to work with then in converting the racist ideologies of most of the White masses. They worked with their white allies and discovered a lot more talented African-American writers. They shepherded their works of literature to printing. For the first time in the history of the Blacks, major publishers agreed to bring out their works. The main objective as Jessie Fauset saw it was to â€Å"find our own beautiful and praise-worthy, an intense chauvinism that is content with its own types (Painter 194). † As established in the preceding paragraphs, the Harlem Renaissance drew out from the Negros all the necessary racial pride and connection among themselves in order to gain self-identity and eventually emancipation (Painter 189). What Hurtson has to do with it and all other Black American writers is the responsibility of providing a path for the advancement of racial consciousness through literature and the other arts. They publicize and romaticize the Black experience as unique in itself and something that is worthy of attention and appreciation. They have inculcated among the African-Americans the vitality of knowing themselves apart from what the Whites imposed upon them by looking back and deep into their cultures and origins. Through these efforts and endeavours by Hurtson and many other writers, they were able to weaken the demeaning stereotype that surrounded the Black ego since time immemorial and has made them realized their place in America as an independent and free group of people. Works Cited Andersen, Margaret and Taylor, Howard Francis. Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. Connecticut: Thomson Wardsworth, 2006. Campbell, Josie P. Student Companion to Zora Neale Hurtson. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001

Evolution Of Photography Over The Centuries

Evolution Of Photography Over The Centuries Presentation: To my view photography it s a way to describe things, a way to express yourself and to show to the people how you feel and also to show things that you can see with your eyes at a certain moment. It s so interesting to grasp an idea in an image. This work was initially meant to tackle on the photography of the 20th century, but this approch would be too limited and even unfair. Therefore, i ve decided to go back to the roots of photography and highlight the evolution it has gone through over the centuries. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the 19th century and it s focused on the evolution of photography from a tecnical point of view. It was an intensive period characterized by revolutionary inventions and tecniques. To my point of view it s necessary or at least advisable to know the technical proceses of how a phtography comes into being because this way you can get a better understanding of your camera and of what it could do for you. Definately photography is more than pressing a botton and the efforts people put in developing tecniques and in getting every time better pictures reflect their struggle to fight against the cruel passing of time and the transitory nature of things. Taking a photograph is like an attempt to touch eternity, to make time stand still for a moment. But this is only one point of view out of many philosophical thoughts that shaped the concept of photography. The second part of the work deals with photography in the 20th century, a period where photography reached new levels of technical developments and new missions. The 20th century was marked by tragic events, such as the two world wars and photography played an important part in building our historical legacy and in shaping our conscience as human beings. The word photography comes from the Greek fos which means light and grapho which means to write. The word was coined by Sir john Herschel who made revolutionary contributions and set up the basis to the way photography was being processed in the 19th century. Photography has come into being through a long series of discoveries which have taken place along the centuries. The first idea of photography was embodied by the camera obscura box which was one of the first steps that led to photography. But while the camera obscura was more a device of exploring physical laws, the first permanent photograph, close to the modern concept we have today about photography, was taken in 1826 by Nic phore Ni pce. The photo was called View from the Window at Le Gras and it was the result of 8 hour-exposure while the sun illuminated the buildings on both sides. Your browser may not support display of this image. View from the Window at Le Gras by Nic phore Ni pce. 19th Century To understand the modern photography of 20th century, it s important to explain the different photographic process of 19th century . The first one it s called daguerreotype (1839). I ts a process which was invented by Daguerre using silver on a copper plate. The French government bought the patent and immediately made it public domain. Although this process results to be the predecessor of the actual photography called Polaroid. Your browser may not support display of this image. Camera of daguerreotype. Your browser may not support display of this image. Boulevard du Temple by Daguerre. The second one is the calotype process which was invented by William Fox Talbot in 1840. He coated paper smeets with silver chloride* to create and intermediate negative image. But the calotype gabe an image which was not very precise (it hasn t the sharpness of the daguerreotype). Your browser may not support display of this image. Camera of calotype. Your browser may not support display of this image. Paris by William Fox Talbot. The third one it s called wet plate and it was invented by Frederick Scott Archer* and Gustave Le Gray in 1850. Despite it s disadvantage, wet plate collodion became enormously popular. It was used for portraiture. Landscape wprk, architectural pphotography and art photography. This new process it s called like this because the plaque had to stay wet during all the process of making and revealed of images. Your browser may not support display of this image. Process of wet plate. Your browser may not support display of this image. Camera wet plate. Your browser may not support display of this image. Sea by Frederick Scott Archer. The last one is gelatine bromide, this is a new process invented by R.L.Maddox in 1871 and improved in 1878 thanks to the researches of Charles E.Benett*. Your browser may not support display of this image. Relater to coating photographic plates or paper with gelatine emulsion. The emulsion is run into a trough A containing a metal roller B, which revolves in the emulsion. One end of a scraper C rests against this roller and takes off the emulsion, which it delivers on to the plates P. The plates are carried forward by an endless band F, and delivered to a second endless band L which passes through a chamber M cooled by ice. This second hand travels at a greater speed than the first so as to separate the plates. Below the plates is another endless hand J which washes the plates. Your browser may not support display of this image. Kodak. 20th Century At the beginings of the 20th century photography is no longer a mere subject of technical improvements. It turned to be one of the most flourishing and richest periods in which photography became a powerful and unconventional expression of the modern consicousness. It was at the early 20th century when photography gained the recognized status of an art form with a well-defined aesthetic roles and trends. Lively debates as whether the photographer s imagination was chiefly at work before or after the shutter was pressed envisioned and actualized a completely new understanding of photographys strengths. One of the trends of the time, the straight photography, it was defined as a medium as capable of artistic expression as painting or sculpture. Avant-garde artists, commercial illustrators, and journalists turned to photography as if seeking to discover through its mechanisms and materials a new artistic vehicle that captured best the soul of those times. The artist and theorist L szl Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946) gave a new aesthetic role to photography, described as a new vision rooted in the technological culture of the twentieth century. It seems that the philosophical ideas the governed at that time the fragmented sense of self, the rapid pace of modern life, the burst of subconsciuoness had a powerful influence on the way photography was perceived and produced. Abstract photograms, photomontages composed of fragmented images, the combination of photographs with modern typography and graphic design in posters and magazine pages were unconventional techniques that modernized photography. In France, Surrealism was the gravitational center for avant-garde photography between the wars. Launched in 1924 by the poet Andr Breton, the Surrealist movement aimed at the psychic and social transformation of the individual through the replacing of bourgeois conventions with new values of spiritual adventure, poetry, and eroticism. Essentially a philosophical and literary movement, Surrealism was greatly indebted to the techniques of psychoanalysis, and Freuds research into free association and dream imagery. Surrealist photographers made use of such techniques as double exposure, combination printing, and reversed tonality to evoke the union of dream and reality. During the 1920s, the mass media grew particularly in Germany, which had more illustrated periodicals, with greater circulation, than any other country in the world. In addition, hundreds of newspapers and magazines catered to special interests. There were fashion journals, various magazines promoting health and sport. As the number of new illustrated magazines increased, competition among publications grew keener and editors began to experiment with more dynamic designs and page layouts. To close this period I would like to tell two artists of this 20s because i think that their works are very interesting: Hans Bellmer: (March 13, 1902 February 23, 1975) was a German artist, best known for the life-sized pubescent female dolls he produced in the mid-1930s. Your browser may not support display of this image. In this work, Bellmer explicitly sexualized the doll as a young girl. On the other hand, the doll incorporated the principle of ball joint , which was inspired by a pair of sixteenth-century articulated wooden dolls in the Kaiser Friedrich Museum. Man Ray: (August 27, 1890 November 18, 1976), was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. Your browser may not support display of this image. He was a significant contributor to both the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. Best known in the art world for his avant-garde photography. From the 30s the word documentary takes on a moral and politician connotations , highly positive, associated with the conquest of truth. For the frist time in history appears the photojournalism. It is a kind of photography that delivers events through a photo, that spreads facts of reality throughout the world but it also carries a message. The posibility of print photographs next to the text in the newspaper and magazines was invetigate durint the 19th century through different poribilities like the lithograph or woodcut. But the photojournalism face technical problems (in the photographic capture), as the emulsions still had very low sensitivities then to take a night phtograph or to take it in an interior force you to use a flash which was of magnesium in that time. This must be added that large format cameras and the constant need of a tripod made the journalist was very limited to work in the documentary photographic discourse. In 1929 in USA took place the Wall Street Crash that triggered the Great Depression. With this crash the peasants were in a huge poorness while drought was putting things more difficult, then the goverment establish a department about photography-press (which was called Farm Security Administration) to document this. To end with this project and continuing with the structure of the work in the 20s I m going to explain some important artists of th is period: Your browser may not support display of this image. Eug ne Atget:(February 12, 1857 August 4, 1927) was a French photographer noted for his photographs documenting the architecture and street scenes of Paris. Your browser may not support display of this image. Bernice Abbott: (July 17, 1898 December 9, 1991), was an American photographer. She wanted to make the same as Atget in Paris, but she in New York. She introduced some changes because she didn t want only to photographed buildings that they were going to disappeared. She wanted to explained also the continuing changes of a city like NY. Abott asked for scholarships to take the project to end, and finally the state gave her and put to her disposition documentary filmmakers and a team of historians to complete her photos. Your browser may not support display of this image. August Sander: (November17, 1876 April 20, 1964) was a German portrait and documentary photographer. He was one of the most important photographers of the 20th century. Is above its principle of neutrality which will take a lot of importance to the end of the decade of the 20s. This effect of impersonality is gived by: sharpness, frontal, senzill frames and the rigid pose of the models. Your browser may not support display of this image. Jacob Riis: (May 3, 1849 May 26, 1914), was a Danish American social reformer, and a great photographer. He got his photos with flash, because for him the flash was a way to come to places that normally the camera without the help of it couldn t do it. He wanted his photos to aware people of the poorness. Your browser may not support display of this image. Lewis Hine: (September 26, 1874 November 3, 1940) was an American sociologist and photographer. Between 1904 and 1905 he photographed the arrival of many immigrants at Ellis Island from southern and eastern Europe. There were a lot of xenophobia towards these immigrants. And in 1906 he made a new project about the problem of child labor. Your browser may not support display of this image. Dorothea Lange: (May 26, 1895 October 11, 1965) was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA). Langes photographs humanized the tragic consequences of the Great Depression and profoundly influenced the development of documentary photography. Your browser may not support display of this image. Walker Evans: (November 3, 1903 April 10, 1975) was an American photographer best known for his work for the Farm Security Administration documenting the effects of the Great Depression. Much of Evanss work from the FSA period uses the large-format, 810-inch camera. He said that his goal as a photographer was to make pictures that are literate, authoritative, transcendent.

Satisfaction For Food And Services Provided By Mcdonalds Commerce Essay

Satisfaction For Food And Services Provided By Mcdonalds Commerce Essay Currently, the worlds largest fast-food restaurant chain is McDonalds Corporation. In 1940, Dick and Mac McDonald was started their business and open the first restaurant in San Bernardino California. In 1948, the McDonald brothers were set a standard of modern fast-food restaurant with the introduction of Speedee Service System. Now, McDonalds has more than 20000 restaurants which can able to be found in 120 countries around the world, and about 80% are franchises. (Gross Forbes, 1996) Customer satisfaction is an integrated indicator of performance, expectation, equity, affect and disconfirmation. (Kimita,K., Shimomura,Y., Arai,T.,2009) Now a day, the important key element for a business to success in a marketplace is customer satisfaction. This is because the customer is very important for the organisation or in the business world. Without any customer, the business cannot last longer and will be face bankruptcy. In order to carry out this research, the researchers choose a topic regarding the level of customer satisfaction for food and services that provided by McDonalds. 1.2 Scope Customer satisfaction for food and services that provided by McDonalds. 1.3 Problem statement In order to maintain brand loyalty from the loyal customers and attract new potential consumers, McDonalds need to study the level of customer satisfaction for the foods and services it provide. McDonalds can know the customer taste of the food, from there McDonalds can do some changes to meet the customer needs. This research is to know the nutrition fact and variety of choices for the food and the set meal. To know the services that provided by the staff of McDonalds is important in this research. This is because a good service towards customer can maintain the customer to visit again to the shop. The example of the service like the courtesy, prompt and quick service that the staffs need to provide to the customer. Through this research, McDonalds can know their level of progress compare with the great competitors like KFC, AW, Burger King and etc, because all these fast food restaurants serving almost similar food like burger, fried chicken and soft drinks. 1.4 Research question What are the factors that encourage customer to dining in McDonalds? How to improve the food and services in McDonalds? 1.5 objective To increase the customer satisfaction when the customer dining in McDonalds To improve the quality of food and services in McDonalds 1.6 Research outcomes The area that needs to improve by the staff of McDonalds is the attitude of politeness to the customers. Customer towards the cleanliness and the environment in the McDonalds. McDonalds will understand the requirements and expectations from the consumer through this research. After doing this research, McDonald can know how to strengthen their position in this fast-food business. It was suggest that cleaner will be set to clean the wash room from usually once in a day to twice in a day to make sure the cleanliness of wash room and will put purifying system inside it. Suggest McDonalds using plantation oil or olive oil instead of normal oil to cook the food because older group of customers are more concern about their body healthiness. From this research, McDonalds will know what are their strengths and weaknesses in the fast-food business. 1.7 Limitation Since this research only for McDonalds, this does not mean that the research results are the same for all of the fast-food restaurants. (595 words) Task 2.0 literature review 2.1 Modeling repurchase frequency and customer satisfaction for fast food outlets According to Law et al (2004), they found out that in order can have more satisfied and loyal customer, company must understand the having an impact of service quality and waiting time on repurchase regularity and customer satisfaction. The authors used a general linear model (GLM) to study the relationship between the waiting time and the repurchase frequency in fast food operation. The results shows that the factors that influence the customer return repurchase frequency are food quality, seat availability, environment, waiting time and staff attitude. Besides that, the authors also used polytomous logistic regression (PLR) model to quantify the categorical measurement of overall satisfaction. The results indicate that the significantly affect customer satisfaction is food quality, food variety, waiting time and staff attitude. The authors believed that through this model can help managers to understand the important factor that influence customer loyalty as well as the satisfactio n level from the customer in the fast food industry. Besides that, it can help the fast food industry to make some improvements accordingly. This article can helping me have a better understanding for my research topic at the same time I can get the information regarding the factor that influence the customer return repurchase frequency to the fast food outlets. (208 words) 2.2 The influence of the quality of the physical environment, food, and service on restaurant image, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions According to Ryu et al (2012), they found out that few exams have studied to identify the consequences and antecedents of image, especially restaurant image in relation to the restaurant experience. The authors used structural equation modelling (SEM) to simultaneously examine the structural relationships among the proposed constructs. The results show that the quality of the service, food and physical environment were important to determinants of restaurant image. In addition, the quality of the food and physical environment were important to predictors of customer perceived value. The results resistant that customer perceived value is certainly an important to determinant of customer satisfaction. The customer satisfaction is also important to predictor of behaviour intentions. From the authors research of limitation and implications, they found out the purpose of the study will help researcher to understand the complex relationship among behavioural, customer satisfaction, custome r perceived value, restaurant image, physical environment, service and food to intentions in the restaurant industry. From this article, I found out that the quality of the service, food and physical environment are important to determinant of the customer satisfaction. These points are valuable and helping to gain better understanding of my research topic. (195 words) 2.3 Measuring customer satisfaction in the fast food industry: a cross-national approach According to Gilbert et al (2004), they felt that in todays ever-increasing globalization of brands and services, to attend to the satisfaction of their customer in both domestically and abroad, need to have service-oriented businesses. At the same time, they also need to exceed distinctive cultural dissimilarity from country to country. In this study, the authors provide a cross-cultural comparison of the service satisfaction of fast food business in four English-speaking countries. Based on the data collected from customer from five globally-franchised fast food chains, the authors are using an earlier developed service satisfaction instrument. The research finding from the future research support of this study, the quantity of cross-cultural service satisfaction among franchised services and brands could aid business managers hard work to evaluate the quality of the services. The factors that can make customer satisfaction are provision of courtesy, treatment received, the ease to get help, the security inside and the security outside. The finding indicated that all these factors are important for all over the countries. They also provide crossways nationwide boundaries and on a more practical basis and real time. Provision of courtesy, treatment received, the ease to get help, the security inside and the security outside, all of these factors are important for all the country. These points are very useful for me while I to gather my information. (224 words) Task 3.0 Research Methodology 3.1 Research Question What are the factors that encourage customer to dining in McDonalds? How to improve the food and services in McDonalds? The reason for me to choose the above question is because I can know the factors that encourage customer to dining in McDonalds, and McDonalds can further improve their food or services in order can attract more new customer at the same time also can maintain the old customer to dining in McDonalds. 3.2 research approach Deductive According to David (2009), he stated that the deductive approach usually use in quantitative research and it was dominates. In that researchers are choose in advance which variables they will examine and state their hypothesis to be exanimate, sometimes an experiment can find out something not widely known or recognised earlier. Inductive According to Andrews et al (2005), they stated that the inductive approach was using by the researchers start with wide research questions rather than with a particular theory and/or testable hypotheses. The data was collected by the researcher and they will build mid-range theories from the ground up. These grounded theory data and new data collection is constantly changing and revising. I am using the deductive approach for my research. This is because I need to gather lot of general information to do this research. This deductive approach can help me transforms the general theory into a particular hypotheses in order for me to prove and test whether is right or wrong. 3.3 research strategy Exploratory research According to Krishnaswami and Satyaprasad (2010) they defined exploratory research is preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem about which the researcher has little or no knowledge. It usually takes the form of a pilot study. I will use exploratory research to investigate my research topic. The reason is when I do this research I will relies on the secondary research and also need my course mate to help me for pilot on my questionnire. 3.4 quantitative / qualitative data Quantitative Data According to Joyce and David (2012), they stated that the quantitative data is numerical data are come from spreadsheets, databases or log files. Qualitative Data According to Dembkowski and Lloyd (1995), they stated that the qualitative data is non-numeric data that come from recording, storing, coding, categorizing, searching and retrieving and summarizing data. I am looking for the qualitative data to do my research. This is because in order me to gather information about my research topic, I need to do searching from internet, journal or book. 3.5 data collection method In order me to do my research I will use primary and secondary sources to collect the data. The primary sources are to find five respondents to help me pilot my questionnaire. These five respondents are from Segi College Kuala Lumpur and all of them are my course mate. The reason I choose my course mate is because they rare understand about this subject. I believe the result that they are give to me are appropriate than other people. I will gather my information by searching in internet, journal or book. I also refer to the researcher report regarding this topic. All these are my secondary sources for me to collect my data. 3.6 ethical issues The ethical issue that I need to consider in carrying out this research is all the data that I collected must be confidential and will not give to the third party. Besides that, I also need to be honest to report my data, result or methods. (556 words) Task 4.0 questionnaire design 4.1 research question What are the factors that encourage customer to dining in McDonalds? How to improve the food and services in McDonalds? 4.2 cover letter The level of customer satisfaction for food and services provided by McDonalds Dear Respondents, I am a student from University of Greenwich in BA (HONS) Business Management (BABM) under collaboration of Segi College Kuala Lumpur. I am doing this research is to undertaken fulfilment of the requirement from my university. The following statements and questions are purely for my academic study to investigate The level of customer satisfaction for food and services provided by McDonalds. All the information that provided by you will be kept in private and confidentially and will not give to the third party. It is only to be used for my research purpose. Your kind cooperation will be high appreciated. Thank you Yours faithfully, Loke Siow Kuan 4.3 original questionnaires Pilot by: _________________ This particular questionnaire is designed to get the response from the customer to survey The Level of Customer Satisfaction for Food and Services Provided by McDonalds Please tick (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡) whichever relevant:- Age à ¢- ¡ Under 15 à ¢- ¡ 15 30 à ¢- ¡ 31 45 à ¢- ¡ 46 and above Gender à ¢- ¡ Male à ¢- ¡ Female Race à ¢- ¡ Chinese à ¢- ¡ Indian à ¢- ¡ Malay à ¢- ¡ Others Marital Status à ¢- ¡ Single à ¢- ¡ Married à ¢- ¡ Divorced à ¢- ¡ Widowed Occupation à ¢- ¡ Student à ¢- ¡ Private Sector Worker à ¢- ¡ Government Sector Worker à ¢- ¡ Self employ Monthly income level à ¢- ¡ Less than RM1000 à ¢- ¡ RM1001 RM2000 à ¢- ¡ RM2001 RM3000 à ¢- ¡ RM3000 and above Number of time(s) you visit to McDonalds in a week à ¢- ¡ 1 2 à ¢- ¡ 3 4 à ¢- ¡ 5 6 à ¢- ¡ More than 6 Section B: Information about customer satisfaction for food and services Services The staff served the food exactly as you ordered it? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No The staff provided prompt and quick service to you? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No The staffs are always willing to help you? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No The staffs made you feels comfortable when you dealing with them? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No The staffs are courtesy to you? à ¢- ¡ Yes à ¢- ¡ No Food Very Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied The food tastiness The food nutrition The variety of food in the menu The pricing of value lunch package The pricing of the breakfast package Factor to encourage customer dining in McDonalds Very Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied The pricing of the food The location of the McDonalds. The environment in the McDonald The Wi-Fi in the McDonalds The cleanliness in the McDonalds

The Detective Story Genre: Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes Storie

The Detective Story Genre: Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes Stories One of the most popular literary forms is the detective genre. The most remarkable detective author of all time is the late nineteenth century writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. His most prominent works are the famous Sherlock Holmes stories. These novels and short stories set the standard for the genre. Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories can be considered a model for detective fiction because each is centered on a mystery, Sherlock is a brilliant detective, and clues are a prerequisite for success. The very essence of any detective story is the mystery. Unlike murder mysteries, which have a lot in common with detective stories, Holmes's problems are not invariably as severe as homicide. These mysteries are not usually insignificant though, and "Often they have to do with theft or murder" (Adventures). The first mystery may be an important and confusing conundrum, but there is often a more worthy case that presents itself after the first has commenced. This adds a level of intrigue to the tale because "The first story leads towards dissolution, the second towards restoring order" (Horsley). In each adventure, someone has been or is in danger of being wronged by another person, and comes to Sherlock for help. This creates "A clear and unambiguous triangle of characters - the investigator, the victim, and the transgressor" (Horsley). All of this is incorporated into the author's puzzle. Something important and immoral is done in every detective story. Whether the detective is clearing a client of blame or prosecuting someone, he is always on the right side, and working against the wrong. The detective may not always complete his j... ...1 Feb. 2003. http://web12.epnet.com/ Horsley, Lee "Sherlock Holmes - Modernist Thought, Modernist _____Cities, and the Solving Intellect." 31 Mar. 03 _____http://www.crimeculture.com/359/Holmes.htm "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes." Magill on Literature. EBSCO _____Publishing. 21 Feb. 2003. http://web12.epnet.com/ "Arthur Conan Doyle." Magill on Literature. EBSCO Publishing. 21 _____Feb. 2003. http://web12.epnet.com/ Jenson, Jens Byskov "The Man Sherlock Holmes." 23 Feb. 2003. _____http://sherlock-holmes.hypermart.net/sherlock.html Leadbetter, Claire "Why Were Sherlock Holmes Stories So Popular?" 31 _____Mar. 03 _____http://www.geocities.com/athens/acropolis/8950/holmes/shpaper.htm "The Greek Interpreter." Magill on Literature. EBSCO Publishing. 21 _____Feb. 2003. http://web12.epnet.com/

Police Corruption in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Essay

Police Corruption in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) "Police corruption undermines the foundation of our city..." "Officers who use the shield of service as a sword to commit crimes jeopardize the safety of all of us, and they do dishonor to their colleagues and to the city they swore to protect." Alejandro N. Mayorkas, United States Attorney, Central District of California, (U.S. Department of Justice News Release, 2000). Police corruption is not a new problem in society and there is not a standard way to deal with it. Police officers have enormous power and responsibility and are asked to make difficult decisions. There is not an exact guide to behavior for police officers so their discretion can lead to corruption (Monkkonen, 1999). The existence of police corruption in America has created a negative public view of law enforcement. Police corruption has deteriorated the relationship between law enforcement and the community. In the past four years, more than 500 officers in 47 cities have been convicted of various federal crimes. Local and state authorities in 32 other jurisdictions are either engaged in active investigations or prosecutions of dirty cops (Johnson,1998) . FBI Director Louis J. Freeh has stated: "The insidious nature of police corruption inherently undermines the confidence of the American people in one of the basic tenets of democracy that law enforcement officers will honestly and fairly protect and serve the citizens to whom they answer. The selfish and deceitful acts of a few cannot be allowed to impugn the integrity of the law enforcement profession." (U.S. Department of Justice,1998). The existence of police corruption in society raises many important questions. What causes police of... ... Los Angeles Police Department, "Board of Inquiry into the Rampart Area Corruption Incident"01 March 2000; available from http://www.lapdonline.org/pdf_files/pc/boi_pub.pdf U.S. Department of Justice, "Los Angeles Police Officer, Ex-Cop Indicted on Federal Conspiracy Charges", news release, 05 April 2000; (photocopied). Monkkonen, Erik, "Crossing the (Blue) Line The Problem With Commissions", Los Angeles Times, 26 Sept 1999, p. M-1. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, news release, 21 Jan 1998; Available from http://www.fbi.gov/pressrm/pressrel/pressrel98/police.htm "Report: LA Convictions May Be Tossed", The Associated Press, 18 April 2000. James A. Inciardi, Criminal Justice, 3rd. ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1990. Lawrence W. Sherman, Scandal and Reform, Berkely: University of California Press, 1978.

Relationships and Marriage - Couples Should Live Together before Marriage :: Free Argumentative Essays

Couples Should Live Together before Marriage I've heard on numerous occasions that one of every two marriages ends in divorce. Although I believe this estimate to be high, there is no question that divorce has become a common occurrence in today's society. I think the biggest cause of divorce is people getting married too soon. Couples should live together before they marry. People become enveloped in a sort of euphoric haze when a relationship first begins to take a serious turn. The object of your affection seems to be perfect in every way and can do no wrong. You want to spend all your time with this person; often neglecting anything you enjoyed pre-relationship. In effect, you lose your individual identities and become Siamese twins (thus the term, "joined-at-the-hip"). Thankfully, this stage in a relationship is only temporary. However, many couples mistake this hormonal surge as the sign that this is the one-and-only person they could spend the rest of their lives with. When the haze dissipates, only the strong relationships survive. If each couple contemplating marriage during this phase were to move in together first, the perspective the couple would gain on their relationship would prove whether [or not] their feelings were deeper than pure physical attraction or lust. It may sound clichà ©d, but you truly do not know someone until you live with that person. When a couple lives together, the comfort level between the two gradually increases until nothing is sacred. Little quirks that a person tries so desperately to keep hidden eventually come out into the open. Sometimes these quirks are too much for a person to live with; other times it is a combination of many that push them over the edge. Maybe you could deal with dirty clothes on the floor, but how about a total disregard for all household cleanliness? Living together before marriage clears the air and reduces the possibility for major surprises that could lead to marital strife. Sex is another issue that tends to cause problems in marriages. Of course people can have sex and not live together, but the sharing of a bed each and every night certainly facilitates the activity. At the risk of sounding promiscuous, one should "test the waters before jumping in." Sexual compatibility is extremely important in the satisfaction and happiness of a marriage. Sometimes compromises can be made on behalf of each individual, but it would be better to know if a person was incapable of satisfying you sexually before nuptials.

Romeo and Juliet: in Love or Hit with Infatuation

Romeo and Juliet: in love or hit with infatuation To the person that has these feelings infatuation and actual love are very difficult to differentiate. Even if these two emotions are very similar they have different effects on ones life. In infatuation usually develops to quickly such as â€Å"love at first sight†. On the other hand real love grows moderately and takes time, but the effects last longer. In my opinion this â€Å"star struck† couple was simply hit with infatuation not love.In this Shakespearean story feelings of love are portrayed, when actually most of the events that occur relate to infatuation such as Romeo and Juliet’s instant feelings toward each other. One of the signs of infatuation according to June Callwood, a writer from the Globe and Mail archives, is an instant feeling of affection, â€Å"love at first sight†. Romeo and Juliet experienced this when they met in the party held by the Capulets. Even On the balcony Juliet barely kno ws his name and already she was talking about her â€Å"love† for Romeo.Not only did this â€Å"love at first sight† occur quickly, but Romeo had this feeling after the incident with Rosaline. The fact that this event happened to Romeo after the event with Rosaline, only serves to further on support the definition of infatuation. When Romeo met Juliet he was as one would say â€Å"on the rebound†, which caused him to fall in the state of infatuation. These along with many other events could have been the cause of Romeo falling for Juliet. Their quick affection for each other didn't allow them to think things thru and caused them to rush into a relationship they were not ready for.Another sign of infatuation is the great feeling one has to marry the other person. Romeo and Juliet rushed into a marriage without knowing much about each other. Their quick marriage was an event that might have had a lot to do with their death. This rush into actions without thinking is a result of the effects of infatuation. Some might say that their marriage occurred because they â€Å"loved† each other, but research has shown that the relationships that last longest develop slowly.These long lasting marriages did not occur as quickly like Romeo and Juliet’s, instead they took their time to make sure one is ready. Romeo and Juliet not only married quickly, but most of the time they all they wanted was physical enjoyment. In act 2 scene 2, the balcony scene, Romeo says â€Å"O wilt thou leave me unsatisfied? †. Those who are in real love are patient and don’t just want sex. This dissatisfaction without physical enjoyment is one of the greatest signs of infatuation.

A Comparison between Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and James Joyce’s Araby

One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich by Aleksander Solyztien is story of a hero’s quest of survival in a hostile environment. The novel is a very detailed and graphic description of one man’s struggle in a Stalinist work camp. It is the story of Ivan Denisovich, also called Shukhov, and his determination and strength to endure the hardships of imprisonment and dehumanization. The story takes place in a Russian prison camp after World War II. Ivan Shukhov Denisovich, the main character, is sentenced to a prison camp after having been a prisoner of the Germans during the war.The camp conveys a hopeless situation that only human integrity can overcome. : Araby by James Joyce is a romantic quest about a young boy who falls in love and pursues his quest of bringing something for his loved one from a place he thinks to be exotic and unexplored. On comparing these two literary works, there are some similarities as well as differences. Even though both the literary works are different kinds of quest, One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich being a survival quest and Araby being a romantic quest, both bear similar elements that define a quest.Firstly, the protagonists in both literary works are heroes and exceptional beings who have struggled courageously. Secondly the protagonists undergo through the process of mental transformation and death and rebirth of self. The only difference is that One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich is a dull and depressing novel about a prisoner who struggles to survive whole Araby is refreshing and joyous story about an innocent child’s first love. Both literary works bear some similar quest elements and also differences. The essential element of a quest is the hero and his conflict.Heroes are those who have found or done something beyond the normal range of experience and it takes action for a cause greater than oneself and are motivated by some kind of ideal or a reasonable thought. This element is apparent in bot h works. Firstly, Ivan Desinovich can be called a hero as who has survived for many years in the camp or gulag without losing mental balance and self respect. This is an unusual achievement as it is difficult to preserve sense of humanity and self-dignity which Shukhov has achieved, unlike others who have become savage.Such was Shukhov’s sense of pride and self-respect who would â€Å"never lower himself like that Fetiukov, he would never look at a man’s mouth. †(p 22) Secondly, the protagonist of Araby is a kid who falls in love with a girl and desires to explore the exotic location called Araby. This is also an unusual thing as this is the first the protagonist goes to a journey without any past experience and imagines the place to be really exotic and having a magical enchantment.This is evident when the protagonist expresses his feelings and imagination by saying, â€Å"The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul l uxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me. †Thirdly, the protagonists in both the novels are motivated in a certain way. For Shukov, this motivation was the need to go home and help the family as the narrator says â€Å"His wife's dearest hope was that when he got home he would keep clear of the kolkhoz and take up dyeing himself.That way they could get out of the poverty she was struggling against, send their children to trade schools, and build themselves a new cottage in place of their old tumble-down place†( pg 129). The child in Araby however, is strongly movitated by promise he made to his loved one to bring something and is greatly enthusiastic when the author says â€Å"I had hardly any patience with the serious work of life which, now that it stood between me and my desire, seemed to me child's play, ugly monotonous child's play. † Another element of a quest is that the hero undergoes mental transformation.In this process, the old ideas and think ing of the hero disintegrates and he begins to view life with a new perspective. This process helps the character heavily in maturing him/her. The protagonists of the two literary works also find themselves changed and possessing a new attitude. Firstly, Ivan Desinovich change of the habit of planning ahead is indicated when the narrator says During the years in prison Shukhov had lost the habit of planning for the next day, for a year ahead, for supporting his family.The authorities did his thinking for him about everything—it was somehow easier that way† (pg 122). Secondly, in the narrative Araby, a small child’s innocence and love is killed and replaced by vanity, anguish and anger. The innocent child who imagines sweet day dreams about love surprisingly says â€Å"Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger. In this way the reader can see that both the protagonists go through the process of mental transformation where their premature ideas about love, old notions and opinions are replaced with more mature conclusions and realistic as well as a serious perspective for life. Differences also exist as far as the plot and the mood of the works are concerned. Although these literary works contain similar quest qualities, there are some differences that draw a line between the two.Firslty Even though the novel One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich gives the readers a strong message about preserving self dignity, it remains a dull and depressing novel whereas Araby generates a healthy response and attitude from readers as it contains innocent and lively story about a child’s first love which the readers also identify with. One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich is a dull novel because it makes the readers aware of the physical and mental tortures on prisoners. Secondly, Araby gives the readers a happy impression with the theme of love of a young boy.The audience identify with the condition and the protagonist’s idealization about the lover and this keeps them indulged in the story which is completely contradictory with the theme of a prisoner’s life where the reader is faced with a complete alien as well as a cruel environment. Thirdly, In Ivan desinoich, the author uses characterization, motifs and figurative language to express the dehumazing environment of the gulag whereas in Araby, the author uses personification and characterization to show the contrasting happy and flowering mood.In One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich the author uses motifs of evil by institutions such as â€Å"Come on; paw me as hard as you like. There’s nothing but my soul in my chest. † Pg 25 and â€Å"‘No one would care if a prisoner froze to death, but what if he tried to escape? † Pg 38 and also charactherization such as ‘all his longing was concentrated in that fag-end [of the cigarette] –which meant more to him now, it seemed, than freedom itself: but he would never lower himself like that Fetiukov, he would never look at a man’s mouth’ Pg 22.In Araby, however the author James Joyce uses personification such as â€Å"My body was like a harp and her words and gestures were the fingers (pg 182 1st para last line)† trying to show the reader the happy mood and idealization by the protagonist. Thus differences result in the different moods of the novel. Both the literary works thus follow the direction of a hero’s quest. Even though both follow different type of quests, there are some general similar quest elements such as presence of a hero who is an exceptional being, mental transformation of this hero and certain motivation of the hero for quest.While the protagonist in One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich struggles to survive in an inhuman environment, protagonist in Araby aims to explore an alien market in order to bring something for his lo ved one. One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich therefore, is a survival quest whereas Araby is an romantic quest. However, their themes contrast drastically. While One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich offers depressing and serious story, Araby is about first love. In this way, both literary works bear certain similarities and differences.

Exploring Business Purpose Essay

Introduction: In this assignment I will be focusing on 4 different organizations and explaining their purpose, ownership, size and scale in full detail. Organization 1 ASDA: ASDA is a huge British supermarket which retails Mediterranean Food, CDs, Books, Videos, Clothing, Jewellery and House wares. ASDA is the UKs second largest food retailer after Tesco, ASDA was owned by Wal-Mart in 199ASDA is Wal-Marts largest non-US subsidiary. Furthermore ASDA is a private sector business (a business run for private profit and it is not controlled by the government). Purpose of ASDA: The purpose of ASDA is mainly to make profit but apart from that ASDA’s purpose is to provide goods and services that are cheap and affordable to consumers or the public. Also to reduce the cost of their products, in addition ASDA has another purpose which is packaging their products well and to support voluntary sector services. ASDA lives by a set of values that makes them unique, the company’s values include respect for individuals (staff, and customers) and good customer service and a try hard for excellence. ASDA takes corporate responsibility (management on a company’s impact on society and the environment) very seriously, ASDA believes that supporting corporate responsibility can make their products more affordable for customers. Ownership: ASDA is a Public Limited Company PLC (A PLC is a type of limited company which is permitted to offer shares to the public) an American retailing company called Wal-Mart owns ASDA. Its shareholders own the company and this causes the ownership to constantly change, as the share are constantly bought and sold. Size/Scale: ASDA is a very large business because it currently has 356 stores, which has 160,00 employees 95,00part-time employees and 65,00full-time employees. Also ASDA is a very large business because it sales in excess of 17 billion with over 17 million customers. This shows that ASDA is a very big business. ASDA is a national business which is all around the UK, they also have a brand George which is global, George is ASDA’s clothing brand name, so any clothing that is sold will be a George brand. This means that ASDA will be known more and will be making more money. Organization 2 Richer Sounds: Richer Sounds is a business which is owned by Julian Richer, Richer Sounds retails electronic goods such as; TV gears, hi-fi, home cinema systems etc. Previously Richer Sounds was in the Guinness book of records for the highest sales per square foot any retail outlet in the world and in 2002 Richer Sounds was judged as the best British owned company by the Sunday Times. Purpose of Richer Sounds Richer Sounds purpose is to expand their business, also to work as a team and to provide us their greatest products at a price which beats other company’s prices. Ownership: Richer Sounds is in the private sector, however in1987 they have decided to become an unlisted Public Limited Company (PLC) and since 1990 they have been an unlisted plc. Richer Sounds is 100% owned by Julian Richer (the founder and managing director of the company), Richer sounds decided to become an unlisted PLC because they did not want to offer any shares to the public. Size/Scale: Richer Sounds is a medium sized business, it currently has 48 stores nation wide 10 stores in London and 38 stores out of London. It has around 500 employees, 180 workers in their office or in their management and 320 employee’s works in retailing and warehousing. Moreover in 2003 Richer Sounds sales turnover was nearly 87 billion and their profit before tax was 4.5 million this means Richer Sounds has sold almost 280,000 of goods (in 2003). Richer Sounds is a nationwide business (businesses owned through out the whole nation). Organization 3 Royal Mail/Post Office: Royal Mail is the national postal service of the United Kingdom, the Post Office is a retail company in the United Kingdom formerly part of the postal service Royal Mail. Post office is an independent agency of the regional government responsible for mail delivery (and sometimes telecommunications) between individuals and business in England. Post Office is the operator for the royal mail, it delivers mails and parcels for the royal mail. Purpose of Post Office: The purpose of Royal Mail is the leading postal service operator in the UK, Providing national and international distribution of mail and parcels, the Royal Mails operating unit is mainly Post Office. Furthermore the Post Office provides different types of services which are; licenses, taxes and insurance, stationary (in store). Ownership: Royal Mail/Post Office is a public sector business (the part of economy concerned with providing basic government services), the public sector deals with delivery of goods and services by and for the government whether national or regional. Size/Scale: Post Office is a very large business because, everyone uses Post Office because they have to send off their mails which is very important to them. Post Office has a network 12,500 branches, Post Office is the largest network in Europe and the largest retail branch in the United Kingdom handling more cash then any other businesses. Post Office has more than 400,000 members of staff in addition it has had a profit of 16 billion. Post Office is a nation wide business it operates in the United Kingdom. However Royal Mail delivers mail through out the world but they do not operate globally. Organization 4 Oxfam: Oxfam is a confederation , that has joined hands to help find solutions to poverty and injustice with 13 organizations working over 3,000 partners in more than 100 countries. Oxfam works to improve the lives of the poor and to influence the powerful so that their message can be spread. Purpose of Oxfam: The purpose of Oxfam’s being is so that they can help people who are in need of shelter, food and money Oxfam does by collecting donations from us which is their customers. Oxfam does not just receive donations they also have stores which sales second hand clothing for a very cheap price, the money they receive is given to people in need. Ownership: Oxfam is a Voluntary Sector business (Business that involves workers who do not work for profit and operate with a meaningful degree of volunteer involvement) because it is done for the sake of helping people, private sector is mainly done for profit and to supply goods, so therefore I think that Oxfam is a voluntary sector business because it is a business organized to help people and it is not done for profit. Size/Scale: Oxfam is a medium-large business but it is not as large as other businesses e.g. ASDA and Post Office however Oxfam is a very important business. Oxfam has more than 13 organizations working with over 3,000 partners in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice. Oxfam is a Global organization because it has 13 stores in different places all around the world.

Premium Development Case

New England Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is a regional not for profit managed care company that has its headquarters in Boston, MA, with over 500,000 enrollees within 25 different plans including Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. A consortium of employers has shown interest in bidding on a managed care contract to be offered to the consortium’s 75,000 employees whom are locate in and around Nashua, New Hampshire. The consortium of employers includes companies such as IBM, Ford, and Prudential Insurance.The approach that New England has to the premium development is that the premiums received from the employers must cover the cost of the providing required healthcare services, also known as medical costs, and the costs of administering the plan and of establishing reserves, also known as other costs. Reserves are necessary to ensure that funds are available to pay providers when medical costs exceed the amount collected in pre mium payments (3901-3-13 Health Insurance Reserves, 2010). Due to New England HMO being a not for profit corporation, there is not explicitly include any type of profit element within the premium.A requirement to the reserve is set sufficiently high in order to ensure there are enough investments available to fund product growth and expansion. Therefore, part of the reserve requirements does constitute a profit. (Premium Development Case Study, 2007) A base per member per month (PMPM) is used in setting premiums by estimating the PMPM for each aspect of the plan’s coverage benefits. Setting the premiums also utilizes historical utilization as well as cost data. The co-payments are used a source of revenue to decrease medical cost and lessen the premiums.New England HMO adds fifteen percent to the total medical PMPM to cover any administrative costs that may incur and an additional five percent added for the reserve. The Individual Rate Factor is set at 1. 216 and the Family R ate Factor is set at 3. 356. The application of the given information allows the calculations to develop based on the levels of three co-payments, low, moderate, and high. The historical utilization and historical data for facility services is the same, regardless of the level of patient’s level of co-payment.The average fees are as follows: Inpatient Acute Care Services – Average daily free-for-service charge$1,200. 00 Surgical Procedures per case$1,300. 00 Skilled Nursing$430. 00 Mental Care – Average Daily Cost $540. 00 Emergency Room Care per visit$190. 00 The following services were calculated by dividing the cases, days, and/or the visits per year by 1,000. ServiceCalculationResult Inpatient Acute Care400/1,0000. 4 Skilled Nursing Facility Care25. 2/1,0000. 0252 Inpatient Mental Care64. 4/1,0000. 0644 Hospital Based-Surgery41. 7/1,0000. 0417 Emergency Room Care132/1,0000. 132Next, in order to attempt to find the base PMPM cost, the utilization data is mult iplied historical cost. Once this is completed, the product is then divided by twelve. For instance, the inpatient acute care cost is calculation by multiplying $1,200. 00 by 0. 4, then dividing by twelve. The cost would equal $40. This process will be used to calculate the remaining inpatient services. Using the information provided by the consortium, substance abuse as a base PMPM cost of $0. 41, while the base PMPM for outpatient services is $3. 43. The facility services total cost is $54. 25.Upon calculating the base PMPM costs, the patient co-payment adjustment factors must be determined. The high patient co-payment for acute services in Table 2 shows that the co-pay cost adjustment factor is 0. 9642 and 0. 9200 for the co-pay utilization adjustment factor (additional inpatient services information is located within the Premium Development Case Study). Once all factors have been defined, the adjusted PMPM cost can be calculated by multiplying the cost by the historical data and the historical utilization by utilization, then multiplying the two products and dividing by twelve.For example, for Inpatient Acute Care adjusted PMPM calculation is as follows: (1,200*1) * (0. 4*1)/12, which 40. The remaining inpatient services are calculated in the same manner, however the substance abuse adjusted PMPM cost and outpatient procedures adjusted PMPM cost is its base PMPM cost. In the end, once all adjusted PMPM costs have been calculated, the total is equal to $44. 74. Much of the information for the physician services is provided within the case study. In order to calculated the adjusted PMPM cost, the calculation is as follows: (3,400*utilization) * (175,000*cost)/1,000)/12For example, (3,400*1. 8900/4000) * (175,000*1. 6834)/1,000)/12 = 39. 44. The adjusted PMPM for physician services equals to $27. 24. The inflation rate is five percent; this plays a significant role within the analysis as like any other business, costs rise over time. In order to calculate the inflation adjusted PMPM cost for inpatient services, the adjusted PMPM cost is multiplied by the sum of 1 and the inflation rate of five percent, or 0. 05. ; this equal to $50. 79. The same calculations are done in order to solve the adjusted PMPM costs for the physician services. The total of this is $114. 9. The total medical PMPM amount is the sum of the physician services inflation adjusted PMPM cost ($114. 39) and then inpatient services adjusted PMPM costs ($50. 79), which equals to $165. 18. All other expenses are calculated by multiplying the total medical PMPM amount by the administrative expense percent. Therefore, $165. 18 * 0. 15 equals $24. 78. In order to calculate the reserve, the total medical PMPM amount is then multiplied by the reserve percentage. Therefore, $165. 18 * 0. 05 equals $8. 26. These amounts combined will equal the total other expenses, which calculated to equal ($8. 6 + $24. 78) $33. 04. The inflation adjusted PMPM is calculated in the same manner as other services. This amount will equal $34. 69. The total PMPM amount is equal to $199. 86. In order to calculate the final figure, the monthly premium rates, the total PMPM amount is multiplied by the premium factor rate, which is 1. 216 for single and 3. 356 for family. The single monthly premium rates will equal $199. 86 * 1. 216, which equals $243. 03. The family monthly premium rates will equal $199. 86 * 3. 356, which equals $670. 73.