The Logical Fallacies of Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy Es

The Logical Fallacies of Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy includes a evidence for the existence of material objects, such as trees. Descartes accomplishes this by first doubting all things, from which he learns that he can be original of nothing but his own existence as a idea thing. From this established certainty, Descartes is able to provide proof for the existence of God, and, finally proof of the existence of material objects. Descartes proof of God, however, from which the proof of material things is made possible, is suspect the proof relies on knowledge of clear and distinct ideas but knowledge of clear and distinct ideas relies on the existence of God. Furthermore, even if Descartes could manage to escape this circular order of proof, Descartes proof of his own existence is problematic. Descartes begins his series of proofs by assailing the foundations of everything he once believed to be true. He reasons that all false principles will come crashing down as the foundations upon which they stand are brought to nothing. But, that he can at least be certain of those principles that remain. And if nothing remains, he can at least be certain that there is nothing of which he can be certain. Descartes tells us that everything that he has so far accepted as true he learned either from the senses or through the senses (Biffle, 22). In light of this, Descartes proceeds to inquire into the reliability of the senses, the foundations upon which all his beliefs have so far rested. Descartes recalls the fact that the senses deceive him every night in his dreams. Specifically, he recalls the many times that he has believed himself to be awake, when he w... ...mselves. It is this lack of an external check that makes it very difficult to construct a proof wrought from pure reason that is neither circular nor falsely assuming. In science, checks our found in phenomenon. If a theory is logically sound but does not function in the physical world, it is ruled out. Maybe we will find a similar check for ideas, or maybe we will devise a way around this problem of checking ideas. Either way, the problem is present, and it seems that ideas are not a likely place to find truth.Works CitedBiffle, Christopher, et al A Guided circle of Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy Mayfield Publishing Company 2000Cahn, Steven, ed., Classics of Western Philosophy, 5th. edition, Cambridge, Hackett Publishing Company, 1999.Descartes, Ren. Meditations on First Philosophy. Trans. Cress. Indianapolis, U.S.A Hackett, 1993.

Sophocles Antigone :: Sophocles Antigone

Sophocles Antigone1. - Clearly define by specific traits the character of Antigone and Creon.After her mother committed suicide, her father died and her brothers fought until they killed each other, Antigone projects her strong character with interesting ship canal of showing it. As the main character with strong values and a stubborn way, she follows the laws of god, without minding the consequences. Antigone is a strong willed woman who wins the respect of the audience by the knowledgeable power and resistance of manipulation she has, showing the potential of human kind. She becomes a heroine with noble qualities of mind, heart and soul because she is willing to sacrifice her life, doing what she believes it is right. With a sense of family ties, she is an sample for humanity, the issue is that she must burry her brother Polynices with an appropriate ceremony since she believes it is the last right for every human being. At first she tries to convince her sister Ismene to colligation her in her plans, but Ismene refuses, she is not willing to give up her life at all, when Antigone is not only risking her life but also her marriage with Haemon. When Antigone meets Creon she proves her strength and spiritual power. Some say she is not a saint but a martyr. She combats Creon with insolence towards the civil authority, following always the laws of heaven.

Shoah - Movie Summary Essay -- Film Movies

The movie begins with Simon Srebnik going back to Chelmno, he is one of the two survivors. He was taken to Chelmno when he was thirteen, his start was killed in front of him, and his mother died in the gas vans. He was known throughout the camp for his agility and his beautiful singing voice. Before abandoning the camp the Nazis cranny everyone, including him, in the head. He was go forth for dead, but was found and survived. Simon went back to tell of the experience he had. He cannot believe what happened as he walks along what is left of the frame of the buildings. He said that 2,000 were burnt per day, but he remembers the camp as being peaceful. No one ever shouted, they just went or so their work. He was forced to go up the river, under guard, to get food for the rabbits from the alfalfa fields. Along the way he would sing and the people along the shore would harken and some still remember.The other survivor of Chelmno is Michael Podchlebnik. The day he went to the camp eve rything died in him, he is human though and wanted to live. He wants to forget about the Holocaust and doesnt like to talk about it. In the beginning he thought himself as dead because he never thought hed survive. His job was to unload corpses, on his first day he cried. On his third day he saw his wife and children. He throw off his wife in the grave and asked to be killed. The Germans said he was strong enough to work and that he wouldnt be killed yet. Motke Zaidl was a survivor of Sobibor. They vis...

Teaching Practices Essay -- Education, Politics

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role that state standards play in the classroom. The topics that I will include in this paper will be an overview of the usage and role that state standards play in the teaching and learning of students and a summary of a discussion with my guiding class period teacher about standards and data from observing him. In addition, I will analysis how my guiding practice teacher uses standards to help instruct his students. Furthermore, through the lens of the reflective cycle, I will reflect on the intelligent action I plan to moderate into my future classroom. Role That State Standards Play in the Teaching and Learning State standards impact the way that teachers instruct in the classroom in a control manner. The standards are state mandates for the topics that need to be cover in the class. The standards serve as an outline of topics for the teachers to teach to the students. They are uniform instruction of a subject that covers all publi c schools in the state. Additionally, the standards should stomach a structure-learning environment in the classroom. Standards help teachers by providing an outline of instruction for the class. Falk (2000) suggest that the capacity of standards to provide guidance toward and images of possibility of what quality work can be the opportunity that standards present to initiate collective conversations and inquiry about shared values, purposes, goals, and expectations (p.164). Standards help the teachers key out a starting point for an instructional lesson. Standards also help to create uniform instruction across the district as well as the state. correspond to Ravitch (1991), curriculum must teach the core democratic values that enable ... ...learning as the students need (p.234). While teaching my lesson, I must be present in the moment. I do not need to be thinking about the last class period, next period, or what needs to be do for tomorrow classes. I need to focus on t he instruction that on the class that I am teaching to help them be successful.Another intelligent action, I would include in my classroom is feedback. I would include structure feedback in my lesson. At the end of instruction, I would ask the students what they have learn today in class. I would do this as a way to assess their learning and see what the students receive from the class lesson. Additionally, I would ask the students what could I have done better in class or what they believe did not work in class. This would help me plan future lessons to know what work with the class as well as what did not work with the class.

Judgment and Superficiality Essay -- Shakespeare Beauty Shallow Essays

Judgment and Superficiality strike is but skin deepBeauty is in the eye of the commentatorBeauty is only skin deep and Beauty is in the eye of the beholder can be very contr everywheresial quotes to some populate. Those quotes are completely based on how they are viewed by other people. You may non believe in them but others might believe strongly in them.First, Beauty is only skin deep all depends on what type of person you are. Both quotes rate directly to each other but lets pull them apart separately. I come back that Beauty is only skin deep is expressed in many ways by people. If you are not single of those beautiful people in this dry land then to some people you mean nothing. When you look around a normal school you con clicks right? Well thats what I am talking about. You see the people who express them selves by wearing darker clothes, and the people who always wear the trendy and instyle clothes. Sometimes you narrow jealous and say mean things beca go for eithe r you wished you looked give care them or you want the things they have. But we were all created differently. You have to like yourself first for anyone else to like you. Relating to Beauty is only skin deep means that people only look at whats inside that counts. Some people believe at love at first sight, what is all that about? That means they like the person just from seeing them. So many people in this world can relate. People judge people. You look around and think by the clothes or hairstyle this girl wears that she can either not afford them or chooses to be that way. So you think she is poor. Doesnt she deserve your attention too? I think that beauty is over rated. People need to look at your mind, your intelligence. Coming from a world where I get compliments a lot, saying that I am pretty I know what its like. I am not trying to be conceited but its just the truth. Being pretty is not all its cracked up to be. Since world pretty has got me a lot of compliments it also b rings in the bad sides of things. Ultimately girls think that I am stuck up and a rich snob, If they knew me or got to know me they would hopefully think differently of me. They also think that since I am pretty that their boyfriends will like me and leave them or something, cause they get really jealous. I do not know why this is but they think I am a boyfriend stealer. When I am only interested in those limited ... ...her for other reasons. Then Shakespeare also expresses in Act 3, Scene 1, when Titania wakes up and she falls in love in love with Nick Bottom the weaver. This shows that belief of Beauty is only skin deep is irrelevant to that particular scene. Titania immediately falls head over heels for the boy and she chases him with every word. She sends her fairies to wait on him hand and foot to show her affection. Without even knowing him Titania wants him because of the evil spell the King of the fairies puts her under. He wants to humble her with something he knows will work, this shows that they know of the fact of love at first sight. Love at first sight is a saying people use on first opinions.Why must people be so harsh and mute to the fact that the world is judge mental? I think that everyone knows that everyone else judges people they just do not want to admit anything or be wrong. Everyone one is so self involved at one time in another they do not stop and think what other people are feeling. These quotes do not just affect people but the feelings inside people. Next time you say that he/she is hot, think how immoral you are being to yourself and others.

Judgment and Superficiality Essay -- Shakespeare Beauty Shallow Essays

Judgment and Superficiality yellowish pink is only skin deepBeauty is in the eye of the beholderBeauty is only skin deep and Beauty is in the eye of the beholder can be very polemic quotes to some slew. Those quotes are all based on how they are viewed by otherwise people. You may not look at in them but others might believe strongly in them.First, Beauty is only skin deep all depends on what type of person you are. Both quotes rate directly to each other but lets pull them apart separately. I think that Beauty is only skin deep is expressed in numerous ways by people. If you are not one of those beautiful people in this world then to some people you mean nothing. When you look around a normal school you see clicks right? Well thats what I am talking about. You see the people who express them selves by wearing darker clothes, and the people who always wear the trendy and instyle clothes. mosttimes you get jealous and say mean things because either you wished you looked like t hem or you want the things they become. But we were all created differently. You have to like your egotism first for anyone else to like you. Relating to Beauty is only skin deep means that people only look at whats inside that counts. Some people believe at love at first sight, what is all that about? That means they like the person just from seeing them. So many people in this world can relate. population value people. You look around and think by the clothes or hairstyle this girl wears that she can either not afford them or chooses to be that way. So you think she is poor. Doesnt she deserve your attention too? I think that beauty is over rated. People need to look at your mind, your intelligence. Coming from a world where I get compliments a lot, saying that I am pretty I know what its like. I am not trying to be conceited but its just the truth. Being pretty is not all its cracked up to be. Since being pretty has got me a lot of compliments it also brings in the bad sides o f things. Ultimately girls think that I am stuck up and a rich snob, If they knew me or got to know me they would hopefully think differently of me. They also think that since I am pretty that their fops will like me and start out them or something, cause they get really jealous. I do not know why this is but they think I am a boyfriend stealer. When I am only interested in those limited ... ...her for other reasons. Then Shakespeare also expresses in Act 3, Scene 1, when Titania wakes up and she travel in love in love with Nick Bottom the weaver. This shows that belief of Beauty is only skin deep is irrelevant to that particular scene. Titania straightway falls head over heels for the boy and she chases him with every word. She sends her fairies to wait on him hand and foot to show her affection. Without even knowing him Titania wants him because of the evil enthrallment the King of the fairies puts her under. He wants to embarrass her with something he knows will work, this shows that they know of the fact of love at first sight. Love at first sight is a saying people use on first opinions.Why must people be so harsh and mute to the fact that the world is judge mental? I think that everyone knows that everyone else judges people they just do not want to admit anything or be wrong. Everyone one is so self involved at one time in another they do not stop and think what other people are feeling. These quotes do not just affect people but the feelings inside people. Next time you say that he/she is hot, think how immoral you are being to yourself and others.

Interpersonal needs

My dominate interpersonal need is inclusion. This is defined by Scouts as the need to maintain a satisfactory relationship with respect to interaction and standoff (Scouts, 1956 p. 19). I interact with my family and friends to meet my interpersonal need of inclusion. When I take my son to the beach, I usually call my sister or friend. I pull in them to come with us. During the holidays, I attend several events. Weather the activity is at school, with family members or a community event, I love to Join in the festivities. sometimes I come home and my husband is watching a movie with our boys.I drop my backpack and Join them on the couch. We share some popcorn, and a hardly a(prenominal) laughs as we enjoy the movie for the seventeenth time. I am a member of a couple support pigeonholings online. One group is for mothers of children with autism. The other group is for families affected by Spinal Muscular Atrophy. These support groups have been very fulfilling for me as a mother. Ha ving children with special needs can be very isolating. In these support groups, I am able to reach out to people in similar situations. We share advice. We cheer each other on, and cry in concert too. I am grateful to be associated with these support groups.I feel satisfied that my dominate interpersonal need is being fulfilled. I am surrounded by loving, and caring individuals. I feel am very fortunate in this aspect. My dominate interpersonal need of inclusion, helps me maintain close relationships with important people in my life. This need hinders me as well. I often become overwhelmed. I tend to spread myself too thin. It is hard to find a balance, between family, friends, work and school. In order to avoid this overexertion, I need to become more organized. I need to maintain a schedule, and try not to be too numerous places at once.

Reliabilty and Validity

Test Reliability and Validity Evaluation of the gull A+ Standardized Reading estimate Assessment is the key to instruction and intervention, just now according to Salvia, Ysseldyke and Bolt (2007), reliability is a major consideration in evaluating an assessment procedure (p. 119). Reliability refers to the stableness of a trials results over time and test reliability refers to the consistency of win learners would receive on understudy forms of the same test, for example Test form A and Test form B.If a test is reliable then bingle would expect a student to achieve the same score regardless of when the student unloads the assessment, but if its not reliable then a students score may vary based on factors that are not related to the direct of the assessment. An assessment is considered reliable when the same results occur regardless of when the assessment occurs or who does the scoring, but a good assessment is not only reliable but minimizes as many factors as possible tha t could lead to the misinterpretation of the tests results.It is important to be concerned with a tests reliability for two reasons First, reliability provides a greenback of the issue to which a students score reflects random measurement error. If there is relatively little error, the ratio of true-score variance to obtained score variance approaches a reliability great power of 1. 00 (perfect reliability) if there is a relatively large amount of error, the ratio of true-score variance to obtained score variances approaches. 0 ( total unreliability) (Salvia et al. , 2007, p. 121) Therefore, it is warranted to use tests with good measures of reliability to ensure that the test lots reflect to a greater extent than just random error. Second, reliability is a precursor to hardness, which I will go more into detail about later. Validity refers to the dot to which evidence supports the fact that the test interpretations are pay off and that the manner in which these interpretatio ns are used is appropriate and meaningful.However, a formal assessment of the validity of a specific use of a test dejection be a very lengthy process and that is why test reliability is often viewed as the first step in the test administration process. If a test is deemed unreliable, then one need not spend time examining whether it is valid because it will not be, but if the test deems adequately reliable, then a validation study would be worthwhile. The Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation ( academic degree) is a normative diagnostic reading assessment that determines development entirelyy what dexteritys students become mastered and where they need instruction.Chapter Four of the mark off Technical Manual focuses on three sections reliability, validation and validity but I will only be evaluating the first and last sections which are reliability and validity. The first section presents reliability data for the calibration sample by test at 11 levels (P, K, 1- 6, M, H and A) and 14 grade enrollment groups (Preschool- 12th) to describe the consistency and stability of GRADE oodles (Williams, 2001, p. 77).In this section, Williams addresses Internal Reliability- which addresses consistency of the items in a test, Alternate Form Reliability- which are derived from the administration of two different but parallel test forms, Test-Retest Reliabilities- which tells how much a students score will change if a period of time has lapsed between test and Standard Error of Measurement- which represents a band of error most the true score. The GRADE Technical Manual reported 132 reliabilities in table 4. that presents the alpha and split half total test reliabilities for the Fall and Spring. Of these, 99 were in the range of . 95 to . 99 which indicates a high degree of homogeneity among the items for each form, level and grade enrollment group (Williams, 2001, p. 78). In the GRADE alternate form reliability study, tabularise 4. 14, 696 students we re tested. The forms were attached at different times and ranged anywhere from eight to thirty two days. The coefficients in the table ranged from . 81 to . 94 with half being higher than . 9 indicating that Forms A and B are quite parallel (Williams, 2001, p. 85). In the GRADE test- retest reliability study, Table 4. 15, 816 students were tested. All students were tested twice, the test took place during the Fall and ranged anywhere from three and a half to forty two days. Form A of the various GRADE levels appeared similar in stability over time to performance on Form B. However since most of the sampling was done with Form A, further investigation of the stability of scores with Form B may be warranted (Williams, 2001, p. 7). The standard errors of measurement contestationed in Table 4. 16 of the GRADE was computed from Table 4. 1, but due to the variances in total test reliability, the SEMs ranged from low to high and due to the fact the measure of error is observable, there w ill always be some doubt about ones true score. general it will be acceptable to assume that the reliability aspect of all levels of the GRADE Technical Manual provides a probatory amount of established evidence between test forms A and B.As noted earlier, validity refers to the degree to which evidence supports the fact that the test interpretations are correct and that the manner in which these interpretations are used is appropriate and meaningful. For a test to be fair, its contents and performance expectations should reflect familiarity and experiences that are common to all students. Therefore, according to Salvia et al. (2007), validity is the most fundamental consideration in developing and evaluating test (p. 143).A valid assessment should reflect actual knowledge or performance, not just test taking skills or memorized equations and facts, it should not require knowledge or skills that are irrelevant to what is actually being assessed and more so, it should be as free a s possible of cultural, ethnic and gender bias. The validity of an assessment is the extent to which the assessment measures what it intended or was designed to measure. The extent of a tests validity determines (1) what inferences or decisions can be made based on test results and (2) the assurance one can have in those decisions (Williams, 2001, p. 2). Validation is the process of accumulating evidence that supports the appropriateness of student responses for the specified assessment and because tests are used for various purposes, there is no single causa of evidentiary validity that is apt for all purposes. Test validation can take many forms, both qualitative and quantitative, and in an assessment case such as the GRADE, can be a continuing process (Williams, 2001, p. 92). As stated previously, I will be evaluating two sections from Chapter Four.Section one is complete so it brings me to the last section, which deals with validity. In this section, Williams addresses Content Validity- which addresses the question of whether the test items adequately represent the area that the test is supposed to measure, Criterion- Related Validity- which addresses the relationship between the scores on the test being validated and some form of criterion such as rating scale, classification, or other test score and piddle Validity- which addresses the question of whether the test actually measures the construct, or trait, it purports to measure.The content validity section of the GRADE Technical Manual addressed 16 subtests in various skill areas of pre-reading and reading and documents that adequate content validity was built into the reading test as it was developed. Therefore, if the appropriate decisions can be made, then the results are deemed valid and the test measures what it is suppose to measure. For the GRADE criterion-related studies, scores from other reading tests were used as the criteria and included both concurrent and predictive validity.For the con current validity study, the section compares the GRADE Total Test scores to three group administered test and an individual administered test. They were administered in concurrence with the Fall or Spring administering of the GRADE, with data being still by numerous teachers throughout the U. S. and all correlation coefficients being corrected using Guilfords formula. The three group administered test given in concurrence with the GRADE Total Test suggested they all measured what they were suppose to but the individual administered test showed evidence of discriminative and divergent validity.For the predictive validity study, the section compared how easy the GRADE Total Test from the Fall predicted performance on the reading subtest of a group administered achievement test given in the Spring. Three groups totaling 260 students were given the GRADE in the Fall and the TerraNova in the Spring of the same school year, but the final samples were a little small because some of the s tudents that tested in the Fall had moved so the scores were correlated and corrected for both assessments using Guilfords formula. Instead of 260 there were now 232 and Table 4. 2 list the corrected correlations between the GRADE and TerraNova which indicates that the GRADE scores in the Fall are predictive of the TerraNova reading scores in the Spring. The construct validity of the GRADE focuses on two aspects which are convergent validity shown by higher correlations and divergent validity shown by lower correlations. In the GRADE/PIAT-R study, shown in Table 4. 21, convergent validity is demonstrated by the high correlation coefficients of the GRADE and PIAT-R reading scores and divergent validity is demonstrated by the lower correlation between the GRADE and PIAT-R general information subtest (Williams, 2001, p. 7). Performances on reading tasks is represented by the first set of correlations and for the second set of correlations the GRADE represents performance on reading and the PIAT-R represents world knowledge. Convergent/divergent information was also provided for the GRADE/ITBS study shown in Table 4. 23. Evidence of higher correlations for the GRADE convergent validity was provided with the ITBS reading subtest, but evidence of extensively lower correlations for the GRADE divergent validity was provided with the ITBS math subtest, which would be expected for divergent validity because reading was minimal.Overall the validity data provided a considerable amount of evidence to show that in fact the GRADE Technical Manual measures what it purports and apt conclusions from test can be correctly made. So according to my judgment in evaluating the GRADE Technical Manual in the areas of reliability (internal, alternate form, test-retest and SEM) and validity (content, criterion-related and construct), the content provided by the authors in the manual and cross referenced with the content provided in the text book denotes the manual is consistent, has acc eptable correlation coefficients and measures what it is suppose to measure.References Salvia, J. , Ysseldyke, J. E. , & Bolt, S. (2007). Assessment In redundant and Inclusive Education (10th ed. ). Boston Houghton Mifflin Company. Williams, K. T. (2001). Technical Manual Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation. Circle Pine American Guidance Service, Inc.

Critical Evaluation of the Benefits and Limitations of Using Ict in Knowledge Management Processes Essay

1. 0 Introduction Knowledge oversight foundation be considered to be an essential strategic function in any organisation today. As the world becomes more than globalised, and traditional structures of intermediation are removed whilst new ones are created, it is clear that familiarity, and consequently a scholarship organisation is one that is more likely to find unique sources of competitive advantage, and be able to develop sustainable competitive strategies in the long term.A number of contrary processes and sub-processes have been identified with friendship vigilance, such as knowledge generation, knowledge codification, and knowledge transfer or realisation (Grover and Davenport, 2001). Nonaka (1994) suggests that knowledge itself is created through and through the conversion between still and explicit knowledge, through the processes of socialisation, internalisation, externalisation, and combination. Technology has often been usaged to facilitate and support the pr ocesses involved in knowledge direction.Knowledge management is essential for sustaining the growth of an organisation and ensuring its success. From the perspective of investors, the worth or value of an organisation is as a result of its ability to strategically retain and turn in knowledge that facilitates the organisations business activity. The manduction of practices throughout the organisational hierarchy, and adoption of effective techniques formulated by individuals having great expertise in the relevant sketch can help to improve the efficiency of the business activity.Yet the intertwining of knowledge management processes and information and conversation technologies (ICT) whitethorn maneuver knowledge managers to the shortcomings of the use of ICT in knowledge management processes. This essay therefore seeks to present a critical evaluation of the benefits and limitations of ICT in knowledge management processes.2. 0 Benefits of Using ICT Knowledge management is e ssential for sustaining the growth of an organisation.From the perspective of investors, the worth or value of an organisation is as a result of its ability to strategically retain and generate knowledge that facilitates the organisations business activity. The sharing of practices throughout the organisational hierarchy, and adoption of effective techniques formulated by individuals having great expertise in the relevant field can help to improve the efficiency of the business activity. Wenger et al (2010) explain that one of the main advantages of applied science is that it has allowed communities to interact in new ways.In fact, new applied science that was developed to facilitate fundamental interaction between communities was often the result of a need that was felt by these communities, for a fauna to facilitate interaction at heart the community. The engineering science tools help communities to bridge problems such as meter and space, participation and reification, etc . Examples of such tools include the Internet itself, wikis, etc. In terms of knowledge management processes, these communication tools are important because they facilitate communication between two or more people, and consequently inexplicit knowledge sharing at heart the community.Kelly (2009) explains that the technological dimensions are part and parcel of effective knowledge management. Some of the technologies which are essential for modern knowledge management processes include business intelligence, CRM (Customer kinship management software), collaboration, distributed learning, knowledge mapping, etc. Databases can be used as knowledge repositories, as well as for storing structured and unstructured knowledge they may also be used to identify the people (tacit knowledge holders) within the organisation.Each of these different set of technological tools facilitate different knowledge management processes. For example, business intelligence software allows the inviolable to create knowledge about its competitors, and the broader economic environment. Collaboration and distributed learning technologies allows individuals within the organisation to communicate and share knowledge, allowing for geographic and structural barriers to be overcome. This is especially important in todays globalised world. Technology simplifies the flow of knowledge and accelerates its dissemination and assimilation.Knowledge discoin truth technologies allow the firm to find new knowledge, either within the organisation itself, or outside knowledge mapping technologies facilitate the tracking of knowledge sources effectively, etc. Overall, it can be verbalize that the different aspects of knowledge creation, transfer and storage is facilitated through technological infrastructure. Introducing engineering in knowledge management will reduce redundancy in the activities of an organisation. It can enhance carrefourivity and can be used for skill development. Promoting client value can also simplified by using technology for knowledge management.Improved and efficient use of knowledge management offers competitive benefits in the market. It leverages an organisation and makes it better prepared to face un trustworthyties both on a local and global scale. The sharing of practices, techniques and information with partners around the globe, make easy by technology can help streamline business processes which early(a)wise may be inefficient and wasteful i. e. aligning the organisational objectives with the available resources to successfully conduct the business activity can be greatly enhanced with the use of technology in knowledge management. Zack, 1999)3. 0 Limitations of Using ICT Boland et al (2004) opine that much of the effort to design information technology to support some of the higher wage aim knowledge management functions such as cognition and decision making at the managerial level have severe shortcomings. They highlight some of the probl ems inherent with using ICT such functions, explaining that as the collection of representations grows, as in hypertext, it becomes increasingly difficult to navigate through the collection. Help is required, and this help is the price that has to be gainful for richer communication.Then there is multiplicity, where each of the actors have their own interpretations of the same situation these multiple interpretations are required in order to support individual meditative thought as well as group dialog. Clearly, technology is non sufficiently advanced yet to support these high level rich communication that is required for knowledge management. Roberts (2010) is rather critical of the ability of ICT to contribute to knowledge transfer, especially tacit knowledge transfer. She states that technology has been proven to be very efficacious for the transfer of codified knowledge, i. . explicit knowledge, but is still relatively less useful for the transfer of tacit knowledge.Further more, the impact of ICT on the production processes even in the knowledge based economy of today, which is highly dependent on technology, is unevenly distributed. This is because technology is yet to be able to replace, much less enhance certain forms of human interaction. Roberts (ibid) further explains that knowledge is a very complex construct, resulting in technology being short-staffed to fully facilitate knowledge transfer (esp. acit knowledge). For example, she highlights that tacit knowledge transfer requires antecedents such as trust, mutual understanding, and many other factors that can be established only through face to face interaction (Jarvenpaa and Leidner, 1998). Hislop (2002) explains that the sharing of knowledge between communities is very complex and not straightforward. Different organisations may experience different problems with the sharing of knowledge, because of different factors.Any application of technology for the purposes of knowledge sharing therefo re should take into account the potential difficulties involved in knowledge sharing across communities. Knowledge sharing within communities is made more complex also when there is a lack of the sense of collective identity as well as a significant honey oil knowledge base. Divergent identities actor that there may be perceived or actual differences in interest between two or more communities, creating a potential for conflict. Walsham (2001) provides many examples of where ICT is inadequate for knowledge management.For example, he shows that the knowledge management processes are particularly complex when working across different cultures. The workers in different cultures based their specialist expertise on different foundations (such as experience, or theoretical knowledge) resulting in different methods of knowledge transmission through the product cycle. These different workers from different cultures would then give different degrees of importance to technology, and the dif ferent emphases on face to face contact.Walsham (ibid) further suggests that the role of technology in knowledge management processes is limited to facilitating communication, such as through the creation of safe enclaves for online communication. He also stresses that the use of technology should be context-dependant. In fact, Newell et al (in Prichard, 2000) justly point out that technology has been considered to be essential in knowledge management, but is actually based on nebulous concepts. However, the increasing pervasiveness of technology in organisations, and the different ways in which it can be put to use creates its own problems.They explain that the routine use and reliance on IT cuts across different managerial specialisms, and increases the levels of uncertainty about the relationship between the use of the technology and the pursuit of the organisational goals. This means that many organisations perhaps adopt technology for the sake of adopting technology. However, t his should not be the case, as IT is just a tool like any other, to be used to achieve a particular purpose. The relative sophistication of the tool tends to blind managers as to the fact that it is a tool, and using the tool becomes the goal.This is detrimental to the organisations long term prospects. Hislop (2010) explains that it is the fundamental nature of knowledge that makes it exceedingly difficult for technology to play a central role in the knowledge sharing processes. This is because very specific conditions are required for ICT-based knowledge sharing to take place successfully. From the practical perspective, the tacit and explicit division of types of knowledge has worked well viewing knowledge through a different lens does not do away with the problems that arise when technology is to be used in the knowledge management processes.McKinlay (2002) also points out that there may be other dangers associated with the over reliance on technology for knowledge management. For example, he explains that team work is used for knowledge sharing, because it was able to result in the extraction of tacit knowledge hidden in the routines of team work this extraction of tacit knowledge could then allow for its conversion into codified knowledge.If team work were to be abolished totally, then the team working routines which facilitated the extraction of the tacit knowledge would not take place consequently, the extraction of tacit knowledge would also not take place. Furthermore, he points out that the use of technology often results in formal working practises. However, there are relatively frubby and pedestrian forms of knowledge that are very important for knowledge creation, in the form of radical product and process innovation.From this it can be seen that the over emphasis on the use of technology in knowledge management can actually be counter productive, and result in less effective knowledge management. Jackson (1999) explains that one of the major pr oblems with the use of technology in knowledge management processes is that both technological and business changes are taking place at a very rapid pace. This means that human beings have very little time to get to grip with the change, and assess the impact of these changes.There is also consequently even less time for reflection on the type of systems and competencies needed, and to create new configurations of work based on these new technologies. In addition to this there is also the issue of follow effectiveness, which underlies all effort in the business environment. If any task is not exist effective, it should not be undertaken. However, the pace of progress of technology cannot be predicted, and this undermines the cost efficiency of any effort relating to the assessment and effective implementation of technology in knowledge management processes.Overall, it can be said that it is clear that the blind use of technology in knowledge management processes has a number of di sadvantages which should not be ignored by any good knowledge manager. 3. 0 Conclusion Clearly, the role of ICT in knowledge management is one that is evolving. This is because not only is knowledge management itself evolving, but technology itself is developing at a rapid pace. ICTs have been shown to bring a number of benefits to the various knowledge management processes, and can be considered to be essential for these processes.However, it was also shown that ICTs are not sufficiently developed to be able to replace face to face interaction in knowledge management processes. In fact, it is shown that ICT is still highly inadequate in replacing the antecedents required for higher level knowledge management processes that are provided by face to face communications. Hence it can be said that knowledge managers must use ICT in a considered manner. Neither can they ignore the benefits of ICT to some knowledge management processes, nor can they ignore the limitations of ICT for the o ther knowledge management processes.

Comparison Between Poem Red, Red Rose and Sick Rose

Comparison between both poems, Sick go and A blushing(a), Red Rose The poem The Sick Rose by William Blake is about a rose that has reached the end of its lifespan in the arrival of winter. A rose unremarkably symbolises love, beauty and romance, but in this poem the rose is sick. This reflects the damaged, hurt and destruction. The rose which represent as an ill woman which was damaged by the worm, which is represent as the man who has caused the harm to her.The poem reveals the negative attitude of a man towards a woman, whom he destroys to satisfy his lust. Where else in the poem A red, red Rose by Robert Burns the poem is about a man who is deeply in love with his lover. The word red is repeated twice, which shows the big(p) passion he has for his lover. It is a romantic love poem which has a positive attitude of a man towards a woman whom he loves by showing his great passion of love, which is growing deeper and deeper each day. Another comparison of the poem is respect.In t he Sick Rose the man destroyed the dignity of the woman. He ruin the life of a woman and caused her to be become ill. Where else in the A Red,Red Rose the man keep the dignity of a woman whom he is in love with and eventide praised her beauty. Besides that, the poems responsibility. In the Sick Rose the man is irresponsible, he does not care about woman. His intention is to ruin the life of the person he loves in the wrong way, where else in A Red, Red Rose the mans action shows his loyalty of being a responsible person.In the last stanza of the poem he said that he will return with love though he is ten thousand miles away from her, And I will come again, my love, Thought I am ten thousand mile. Furthermore the love in Sick Rose is a secret love of a man towards a woman. He used force and unhealthy way to get his love from the woman. His action and impatient behaviour has caused the damaged in the woman whom he love secretly. Therefore, it shows the darker side of homophile natur e. In A Red, Red Rose the man patiently and gradually release his love towards his lover.He shows his passion in a properly way and he did not use any force. Burns used two similes to compare the love, the first red, red rose and the second is his love is similar the melody. Both of simile shows a delicate form a love between a man and a woman. It also shows the brighter side of human nature. In The Sick Rose, the poem ends with a depressive tone where the beautiful rose was spoiled by the evil, lust of a man, but in A Red, Red Rose, the deep feeling of the mans love is longer, even when he has to say farewell And fare you well, my love.Burns ends the poem in a tender, expectant and inspiring note. The language of both, Blake and Burns, in the poem interest the readers to find the hidden message behind it. The use of symbolic and figurative language written do both the poems very interesting and appealing to the readers mind. After comparing both poems both poems reflect the two opposite of a human soul as The Sick Rose is a dying rose while the A Red, Red Rose is a blessings rose.

Performance Pay at Safelite Essay

Safelite was the largest nation-wide auto film over club in the United States with about 500 stores, more than 3000 employees and 3000 trucks. The company has started mobile services and gained 12% of market share. Although Safelite offered mobile service from virtually all of its stores by the early 1990s, the main focus of the company was to serve the customers at their place and the trend of the stores was decreasing so forth. The incentive was $1000 to untied a new store as bonus. So every employee tried to open a new store rather imparting hard and improving the production. The employees of the Safelite were required to work for eight hours and according to the CEO John Bar down in the mouth, they were only place in windshields for two and a half hours. They were not putting their complete efforts and loyalty to the company. Wasting their times and not working for what they were paid. The other reason of the low productivity was the popularity of mobile service, which decre ased the demand of the store-based services, and the customers trend was changing to mobile service rather than store services. The other reasons includes the customer was not at the location where the mobile truck was called when the technician arrived or the technician was given the bad directions of the technician failed to understand the direction given by the customers. The employees didnt put their complete efforts to the work and they were not working hard.Another reason was the problem understanding of the customers. Many of the technicians were not able to understand the complete problem of the customers. They came to know the problem when they reached the customers place. sometimes the technicians were not carrying their appropriate tools, which were needed in the repairing for the customers. The mobile truck was liable to travel to the location where customer calls them. The reason of that was stores were not easy to find. It was because the stores were not comfortably l ocated they were simply opened for the sake of adding more locations and were not always located in the prime service areas. John Barlow also added that if the location is not well located so why a customer bothers to find and go to the store. The fleet of the trucks became unable to justify its own cost. The company was seeing adept repair job per truck per day to be maintained but they thought that this is a little expense. Individual technicians were installing an average of only 2.5 glass unit a day. It wasthe very bad performance than that of they had expected. Since the installation of a single windshield generally took less than an hour to complete. And lastly, some DCC managers didnt cared to swan and assigned jobs equitable rather than funneling more jobs to those technicians who worked the fastest.

Was the Spanish-American War Truly as John Hay Said, a “Splendid Little War”

Was the Spanish-the Statesn war truly as John hay said, a splendid little war? Why or why not? The Spanish-American war was for the American organization the first step on the road to be culmination a world-wide, police power, for the Spanish it was the adjournment of Cuba and their empire, from said conclusion is it fair to name such a war a success, an aforementioned splendid little war? 1 This essay hopes to examine the limitations of Hays statement, the war was to irreversibly shape relations between the United States and the rest of the globe for the coming century, and it was the trigger that ultimately taught the U.S. the cost of solid ground imperialism. It is impossible to label such a conflict as totally triumphant and simplistic, it was fraught with diplomatic complications, both domestic and compound, as is written herewith. The moorage in Cuba before American intervention had always been precarious Cuban rebels had continually opposed Spanish rule throughout the 19 th Century, such was the displeasure between the Cubans and Spanish that it culminated in the erection of some of the first Spanish concentration camps (reconcentrado).Dubbed Butcher Weyler by the American press, Spanish general Valeriano Weyler sought to bound the uprisings, thus causing numerous deaths and epidemics among the Cuban inhabitants. 2 This onslaught erupted both the Cuban population and the American press into a fierce frenzy American readers see a strife of gigantic proportions between two rival newspapers, ( new York Journal and New York World), in which the sufferings of Cuba merely chanced to furnish some of the most convenient ammo. 3 With so much public attention, the Cuban crisis became a great exhibition of jubilation there was much desire for intervention in the affair. Said seizure was further prompted by the events of February 15th 1898, when the battleship USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor killing 266 American sailors. Demands for war with Spain we re imminent and colossal, the yellow journalism and its untruth of news intoxicated the whole Country with war fever, slogans of Re fellow member the Maine To Hell with Spain became very popular. 4 Theodore Roosevelt, assistant secretary of the navy, had always been of a militaristic nature, having commented that This agricultural needs a war, and proclaiming President William McKinley as white-livered with no more backbone than a chocolate eclair, had proclaimed the disaster an act of bemire treachery on the part of the Spaniards. 5 The longing for war by the public and certain members of government following the atmosphere of hostility prompted, reluctantly, McKinley to declare war on Cuba. Having blockaded Cuba on April 22nd, Spain then subsequently declared war on April 24th.The Spanish-American war was signly a splendid little war as draw by Hay it was an unbroken series of American victories within only 10 weeks of combat. 6 The major campaign of the war occurred at San Juan cumulation, where a unit of fresh formed Rough Riders under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt along with two regiments of African American soldiers stormed a position atop Kettle Hill. So successful was the battle that Roosevelt would rather have led that charge than served three terms in the U. S. Senate, that he had been revelling in victory and gore.The combination of defeat at San Juan Hill and around the port of Santiago in which 474 Spanish were killedwhile only one American was killed and one wounded initiated the surrender of Santiago on July 17th, and the decline of Spain on July 26th 1898. 7 The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended hostilities between the Spanish and the U. S. The Treaty of Paris deemed that Cuba would locomote an autonomous country, and the U. S. acquired Puerto anti-racketeering law and Guam with the understanding that Spain be paid twenty million dollars for the Philippines.The scandalist treaty was the subject of much debate in the US Senate during the winter of 1898-1899, which was finally resolved on February 6th, 1899 by a one-vote margin of 57 to 27 with only two Republicans opposed George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts and Eugene Pryor Hale of Maine. How was it that the U. S. a traditionally isolationist nation, become involved in such conflict. Nationalist historians argue said involvement to have been directed in accordance with constitutional diplomacy and the antiauthoritarian ruler of projecting liberty and national spirit in essence the American Dream.George cook Tindall argues that the U. S. involvement in the war was initiated out of a sense of horrify at an different countrys imperialism It is true to say that until 1899 Spain had acquired substantial influence over the sugar industry, territory held equated more than the fifty millions that the U. S. held in Cuba. Tindall overly argues the reach that public opinion and ferocity had on the declaration of war too much m omentum and popular pressure. Indeed said impact was so great that Tindall argues the ultimate blame for war, if blame must be levied, belongs to the American citizenry. 8 Indeed manywere heavily influenced by the view that westward imperialism was justified by the (alleged) superiority of Anglo-Saxon and Nordic public breedings, that it was warranted for the U. S. to spread her idealism and the American Dream to other civilisations. 9 There was however more imperialistic interests that influenced the coming of war, Re tranceist historians proclaim the level of U. S. involvement corroborates with desire to defend its own interests that political expansion was in aid of guarantying economic control.Indeed McKinley favoured said intervention and the instauration of a government made up of the wealthy Cuban planter class, as he believed it could be controlled economically and incorporated into the American theatre. 10 In the short-term the prizes of victory over Spain were appeal ing, not least politically, for many economic advantages came with the acquisition of territory in Cuba and the Philippines. These incentives therefore substantiate Hays statement of the American-Spanish conflict as a said splendid little war, an easy and cost-effective method of amassing a greater economy and furthering the American dream.The overriding advantage for the U. S. was that it was a little war, it was also cheap, its cost was relatively slight, the fact that it took ten weeks and the lives of only 5,462 U. S. soldiers (379 in actual combat) multicoloured a popular picture of ease in what was the first U. S. campaign. 11 Politically the advantages came from the influence the U. S. gained through becoming a new major world power. With the reason of waging and ultimately winning a remote war, the U. S. had the potential of authority over future entanglements. Flushed with the easy victory over Spain, inflamed by the vision of a compound empire, many were caught by the p ropaganda for a naval power. 12 Roosevelt stressed we must strive in good faith to play a great part in the world, and by doing the worlds work by bringing order out of chaosfrom which the valor of our soldiers and sailors has goaded the Spanish flag. 13 Moreover the U. S. obligation to take up the White Mans burden further exacerbated United States political intentions in the global theatre, indeed imperialists such as Senator Albert J.Beveridge and Henry Cabot Lodge, stressed Americas moral obligation to extend the benefits of Anglo-Saxon civilization to a backward people. 14 Indeed individuals such as McKinley commented on how to educate the Filipinos and uplift and civilize and Christianize them as our fellowmen for whom Christ also died. 15 Missionaries became increasingly involved in colonial affairs they pursued the chance to convert the little brown brother to Christianity for the sake of their souls. 16 Economically the advantages of the war for the U.S. were of par amount importance, and were of major influence in the initial reasoning for a declaration of war. Cuba in the 19th century was the sacred cow of American diplomacyCuba in American history has often been substitutable with sugarwhich has the power of stirring more political devils in Washington than any other elixir. Sugar was a major export of America and therefore Cuba became a major concern for economists in a time of unrest and conflict, a potential acquisition for the the Sugar Trustthe most hated trust in America. 17 Big Business also profited from the notion of expanding global markets, with the new access to China and its multitude of consumers, businesses such as the American Tobacco Company foresaw the new opportunity, naming the Philippines (as) the key to the Far East. 18 Indeed U. S. involvement in Cuba was startling Frank M. Steinhart of the National City rim of New York (NCB) became leading economic leader, and was therefore able to ascertain all of Cubas resources under t he NCB with their 24 Cuban branches. One governmental individual commented no how Cuba is no more independent than Long Island. 19 Colonial empire really did suit the U. S. A. How then could such a splendid little war be so farcical, why were said consequences of war so detrimental to opinion concerning United States diplomacy? In essence there were three major complications, whose cause brought about severe limitations to Hays statement. In short imperialism and the desire for expansion of economy and territory contradicted with U. S. tradition of isolationism, and that the idea of a nation with democratic values holding colonial control was unpalatable by many people.The acquisition of territory far overseas put a great amount of strain upon U. S. administrative and defensive concerns, not least because of their practical distance, but also due to constitutional contradictions. It gave the potential for continental warfare between the nifty Powers, and the reality of guerrilla warfare in unfamiliar civilisations. The empire also brought about a further internal conflict, with both governmental and influential individuals, which sparked strike following the condemnation of U. S. imperial stature. The U. S. ad only recently acquired an empire of colonies, she was naive and inexperienced with the policing and protection of lands outside of direct U. S. jurisdiction. The activities of rebellious peoples soon exacerbated such concerns, initiating a period of guerrilla warfare, requiring a sharp adaptation of U. S. occupational legionss to facilitate a war of counter-insurgency. February 1899 marked the beginning of open hostility and aggression towards the U. S. occupational forces by the Filipino insurgents. The U. S. now had to follow the precedent set by the British, that an empire was a mixed-bag of complications and benefits.Proclaiming the slogan No hay derecho a trafficker un pueblo como se vende un saco de patatas (There is no right to sell a natio n like a sack of potatoes), Filipinos launched vicious attacks on the forces of Aguinaldo and Mabini to oppose the new colonial masters. 20 The U. S. soon discovered they were running a counterinsurgency every bit as brutal as anything that Butcher Weyler had done in Cuba. regular army soldiers, many of them veterans of the U. S. Indian wars, undertook marked severities (as one termed it) against these new Indians. One U. S. rmy officer wrote We must have no scruples about exterminating this other race standing in the way of progress, if it is necessary. Many questioned the point of attempting to hold such alien territory, when there were ongoing domestic problems, one newspaper editor commented that it was a sinful extravagance to waste our civilizing influence upon the unappreciative Filipinos when it is so badly needed right here in Arkansas. During July 1902, the U. S. declared the Philippine Insurrection over, 200,000 to 220,000 Filipinos had died, and of whom only 15,000 wer e actual combatants, which suggest that U.S. forces consciously made war on the enemys entire society that the concept of total war occurred fifty old age earlier than 1939. 21 Critics of expansionism were another annoyance for the U. S. government. Those in office found the idea of dependency incredibly taxing, that the unknown acquisitions would perpetuate existing domestic problems. Other member foresaw that the ruling of said overseas dependencies would contradict, even violate, the premises of republican government and the values of classical liberalism. Although he failed to fervor his stance on U.S. imperialism in the presidential election of 1900, William Jennings Bryan became a high profile contester of expansionism as a result, the election did not provide a clear mandate for or against overseas empire. Opponents of the U. S. pudding stone even more fervent than Bryan established the Anti-Imperialist League in Boston to oppose the Philippine Insurrection and colonialism . Erving Winslow, Edward Atkinson, Moorfield Storey, William James, Andrew Carnegie, and former President Grover Cleveland added their voices to the anti-imperialist chorus.However due to their define upper-class and governmental social base, the antis were unable to generate much support for their arguments, indeed Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov Lenin described them as the last of the Mohicans of bourgeois democracy. 22 Despite the obvious failure to change U. S. foreign policy, the Anti-Imperialism League became a major concern of the government, not least because its foundation was made of some actual political personalities thus creating the rifts of viewpoint shown, but it also caused embarrassment in the face of public and international scrutiny into the affair and the consequences of it thereafter.Indeed such was the strain of the opposition that the government even suppressed the delivery of three anti-imperialism pamphlets to Manila written by, vice president of the Anti-Imperial ism League, Edward Atkinson. Economists too were somewhat discouraged by the U. S. involvement in foreign relations, indeed the firm Gompers recognized the problematic nature of overseas economic development. These economists feared the possible conflict of competition regarding the expansion of existing U. S. monopolies and conglomerates, foreseeing their impact on foreign society in the pursuit and carving up of land, resources, and profit.Foreign competition was also of major concern, believing the menace of cheap oriental labor as detrimental to the U. S. proletariat. 23 The fabled China market and political engrossment of overseas markets meant the establishment of an open door in China and to the protection of the territorial law of China. This therefore threatened war, a political tool to be reluctantly used if other powers obstructed U. S. entry into China market, only war could amaze the policy. The rising sun of Japan and Tsarist Russia therefore threatened future U. S. non-entanglement.In conclusion it is inaccurate to deem the 1898 war and Philippine Insurrection as splendid little wars in reality each was fraught with so many conflicting problems and consequences. To many individuals the concept of colonial expansion was exciting, not least as it perpetuated U. S. power and influence but many sought to gain economically, spiritually and personally from said imperialism. The cost of empire was of higher significance however, as its political costs were severely detrimental to the McKinley administration, its effects on physical practicalities of defense and economy damaging, and the diplomatic portrayal of the U.S. A embarrassing. Eighty years previously John Quincy Adams had predicted the outcome of U. S. involvement in global conflict, no matter how righteous the initial causeher policy would insensibly change from liberty to forceShe might become dictatress of the World. Hay was wrong, 1898 was never a splendid little war, never a war on beh alf of people other than its own. 24 Bibliography B. Bailyn, The Great Republic biography of the American People Vol. II Toronto, DC Heath Canada, 1998 J. L. Bates, The United States 1898-1928 Progressivism and a Society in Transition New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. , 1976 H.Brogan, The Penguin History of the United States London, Penguin, 2001 H. Underwood Faulkner, A History of American life Vol. XI The Quest for Social Justice 1898-1914 New York, The Macmillan Co. , 1961 S. Foner, The Spanish Cuban American War and the Birth of American Imperialism 1895-1902. Vol. I New York, 1972 L. B. Francisco, and J. Shepard Fast, Conspiracy for Empire Big Business, Corruption and the Politics of Imperialism in America, 1876-1907 Quezon City, Philippines, Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1985 E. Cobbs Hoffman, and J. Gjerde, major(ip) Problems in American History. Vol. II Since 1865 Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co. 2002 M. A. Jones, The Limits of Liberty American history 1607-1980 Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983 T. Mahan, Lessons of war with Spain London, Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd. , 1899 J. B. Moore, Four Phases of American Development New York, Balt, 1912 C. S. Olcott, Life of McKinley Vol. II Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1916 J. R. Stromberg, The Spanish-American War The natural spring into Overseas Empire U. S. A, The Future of Freedom Foundation, 1999 G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America A Narrative History Sixth edition New York, W. W. Norton & Co. , 2004 1 E. Cobbs Hoffman, and J.Gjerde, Major Problems in American History. Vol. II Since 1865, p. 98. 2 G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America A Narrative History Sixth edition, p. 759 3 Ibid 4 G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America A Narrative History Sixth edition, p. 760 5 Ibid 6 M. A. Jones, The Limits of Liberty American history 1607-1980, p. 402 7 G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America A Narrative History Sixth edition, p. 764 8 Ibid, pp. 759 and 762 9 L. B. Francisco, and J. Shepar d Fast, Conspiracy for Empire Big Business, Corruption and the Politics of Imperialism in America, 1876-1907, p. 135 10 Ibid, p. 141 11 G.Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America A Narrative History Sixth edition p. 764 12 J. B. Moore, Four Phases of American Development, pp. 147-148 13 E. Cobbs Hoffman, and J. Gjerde, Major Problems in American History. Vol. II Since 1865, p. 100 14 M. A. Jones, The Limits of Liberty American history 1607-1980, p. 403 15 C. S. Olcott, Life of McKinley Vol. II Boston, Houghton Mifflin co. 1916 16 G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America A Narrative History Sixth edition, p. 765 17 L. B. Francisco, and J. Shepard Fast, Conspiracy for Empire Big Business, Corruption and the Politics of Imperialism in America, 1876-1907, p. 33 18 H. Underwood Faulkner, A History of American life Vol. XI The Quest for Social Justice 1898-1914, p. 310 19 H. Underwood Faulkner, A History of American life Vol. XI The Quest for Social Justice 1898-1914, p. 313 20 J. R. S tromberg, The Spanish-American War The Leap into Overseas Empire, p. 2 21 Ibid 22 J. R. Stromberg, The Spanish-American War The Leap into Overseas Empire, p. 2 23 H. Underwood Faulkner, A History of American life Vol. XI The Quest for Social Justice 1898-1914, p. 310 24 E. Cobbs Hoffman, and J. Gjerde, Major Problems in American History. Vol. II Since 1865, p. 97

Business Leadership Essay

3. Introduction leadinghip has long been a major field of enliven among the bounteous medication and businesses in the world. It is an issue that affects us every, be in the embodied world or at home. Not only we temptd and affected by it, we atomic number 18 overly called upon to exercise it. Whether we be complex in leading government or business, guiding young reasons or leading a family, either unrivaled has a leading power to play. Morse and Buss (2007) defines leadinghip as a process of influence where a person or group influences others to work towards a uncouth goal. sizeable draws inspire others to do their best. They help others to work together to accomplish their goals. Leadership is also ab pop out existence a good role model. accord to Stashevsky and Burke (2006) leaders is active coping with change. Leaders correct up direction by developing a survey of the future, aligning others by conversation the vision and inspiring their people to overcom e problems. According to McKinney (2000), American newspaper commentator Walter Lippmann defined leaders as the custodians of a nations ideals, the beliefs it cherishes, of its everlasting hopes, of the faith which makes a nation out of a mere aggregation of individuals.In other words, leaders have the ability to affect human behaviour to accomplish a mission or to achieve a specific goal. Leadership is subjected to close research from the theoretical and practical viewpoints. In the early days, lead theories mainly focused on the display caseistics or behaviors of successful leaders. Today, leadership theories have expanded to consider the role of the followers and contextual natural of leadership. Adair (2003, page 7-38) expound a leader as a person (with leadership qualities) who has the appropriate companionship and skill to lead a group to achieve their goals and objectives willingly. However, personality and character cannot be left out of the leadership. Their personal qualities, their reaction to the demands of the situation, or a crew of these, attract followers to their leadership style. An individual who is appointed to a leadership position (manager), must possess adequate personal attitude and skills to lead the police squad.They need to continuously improve their attitude, skills and knowledge to achieve higher levels of excellence. According to Coate (2007, p.304) leaders and managers need to see beyond the succeeding(a) quarterly returns or the immediate production deadline. They need to look at the big pictures, peep into the future, and set the agreements mission and vision firmly in place. An effective leader is a good planner, instructor and organizer. Leader inescapably to be good at evaluating performance, judging people (customers or crews) and to be able to foresee the outcome of an action (or inaction). The visionary leader leads the team to stay focused on their targets and objectives. Leaders can push a team to achieve thi ngs they didnt know were possible. Visionary leadership is an indispensable guide leaders at all levels, from natural covering executives to head of divisions and departments, from large corporations to small business, from manufacturing and service organizations to government and non-profit institutions (Bass, 1995).Leadership style models help to achieve effective leaders which include the interlocking of the employees in discussions with their supervisors from clock to time and decision making. The leadership style will have great impact on others. Effective leaders provide motivation, inspiration and are headspring connected with their team members. Effective leadership style will bring proper accomplishment of goals and objectives. It also helps to understand human behaviour in wider perspective and helps in developing positive self-awareness. They providing mentorship and guidance, and rallying the team to achieve bigger and better things. motif is around other importa nt aspect of good leadership (Curry, 1998). Motivation can improve morale and productivity, resulting in overall improvement in efficiency and team productivity.Every organization needs leaders at every level. Leadership in business is important because it is about building teams and communicating so that everyone works to crate synergy. This is a key ingredient to successful businesses and reliever teams. Although thousands of research studies have been conducted to prove which leadership style is best applicable in the organization, but still there are no conclusions. The best leadership seems to occur when the leaders style matches to the actual situation. distributively of the leadership styles can be effective in the right situation. The virtually effective leadership styles weigh on the interaction among people, characteristics of the situation, and the leader (manager) personality.4. The analysis of Steve Jobs personality and leadership with leadership theories Steve Job s, orchard apple trees CEO and the man who almost single handed-ly make apple one of the key players in advance technologies. I disagree that Steve Jobs leadership style does not match the theories of leadership. Although he had his fair share of unconventional manners, Steve did then practice numerous leadership styles that are aligned to theories presented in textbooks and business journals. In fact, there is a general consensus that Steve Jobs is a wilful and driven leader and he is the leader of one of the most outstanding companies in the history of business.Visionary and Transformational LeadershipSteve Jobs once said I want to put a ding in the universe.-Steve Jobs (Kahney, 2011. p.150). This statement gives us some insight into his leadership characteristics and the focus on ideation that led apple to where it is today under his leadership. Indeed, Steve was driven by passion and a powerful vision. Steves visionary leadership articulate his people with great inspiration , thus transforming it in same way. The strength of Steves vision and passion, coupled with innovation culture that was already in place made the generation of group passion, and eventually the task, and ultimately the sale, much easier (Sander, 2012 p.52). He was able to immix his great ideas with his strong perception of consumer desires, marting strategy and management skills. Steve had planned for the products he provided the visions, the to a faultls and the solid working environment for his people. He transmitted energy to his people, giving them a new sense of confidence in achieving the vision. He was a follower of Zen (Sander, 2012), honed by Zens training and ideology. Focus was ingrain in Steves personality.A leader needs to love what he or she does (Graves, 2011). Steve focuses his attention on his products, believes in his ideas and never gives in to failure. These are peradventure the keys to his success as a transformational leader. Cherry (2012) defined transform ational leadership as a type of leadership style that leaders to positive changes in those who follow. Transformational leaders are generally energetic, enthusiastic, visionary and passionate. Not only are these leaders concerned and involved in the process they are also focused on helping every member of the group succeed. Steve Jobs has created the whole culture within his company, a culture that pursues innovation, devotion to creating great killer products, motivation and promotion of egocentrism among his people, marketing vision and concentration on quality. Transformational leaders encourages promotes values, belief, and sense of responsibilities (Bass & Ringgio, 2006). Steve Jobs has all the necessary attributes to be considered on. In 1997, Steve returned to Apple when the company was in the crisis.He took the reins and made sweeping changes, re-structuring and resizing the organization. He reviewed the situation and concluded that a small team of talents is more useful an d productive than crowds of less talented people. From there, he delegated and gave full remain firm to the team. One of the recurring themes was Jobs reality distortion field, his ability to convince those around him that his version of reality was true, his ability to impose his will upon others in a way that made the seemingly impossible become possible. Jobs felt that if he could make Apples products attractive, stylish and appealing, people would ultimately flock to them.Jobs was convinces that he knew the best, eschewing market research in lieu of the belief that consumers would want what he tells them to want, insisting on a closed system of end to-end control by Apple because he didnt want outsiders screwing up what he was creating. The more you saw him as having mystique, the more it went hand in hand with him being a visionary. (Dailey, 2011) Steve Jobs carefully constructed web secrecy, peppered with some hints of vulnerability and accessibility-he was famous for answeri ng customer emails-only added to the looming legend that grew with each Apple innovation. Jobs had received numbers of honors and recognition for his influence in the mobile technology and music industries. He has widely been referred as visionary leader. magnetised LeadershipSteve Jobs also classified as magnetic and visionary leader. Charismatic leadership results when a leader uses the force of personal abilities and talents to create profound and extraordinary effect on followers (Nelson, 2012). Many people who worked for Jobs experienced burnout and describes him as an intimidators, but on hindsight they appreciate and relish the experience. Research shows that people who work for the intimidator (Steve Jobs) were ofttimes find the experience profoundly educational, even transformational. (Kahney, 2011 p.172) Steve often insists on things that are seemingly impossible. He believes that eventually even the thorniest problem is solvable. He works people hard and heaps on stress. But, the end result is usually a great piece of work. He believes in his decisions for the company and his self-confidence led him to success. True leaders are always looking over the horizon for the next opportunity. It is this quest that keeps them going and sometimes they find their true mission along the way, as Steve did (Elliot & Simon, 2011).Innovative LeadershipSander (2012) defined innovation in a way that made sense to Steve Jobs cosmos is an invention with customer and a marketable vision in mind Innovation is to introduce something new. A combination of two processes generating new ideas and implementation the new idea. Innovation calls for good leadership and management at all levels of the organization. trusty leaders will stimulate their team to be more hands on and to have greater interest in their work, which in turn, leads to the generation of more great ideas (Adair and Thomas, 2004). An innovative leader faces two key challenges. Firstly, to strike the right b alance between cart track the current business and growing the new business. Secondly, in sensing untapped market needs and choosing a promising area to purse (Deschamps, 2008).In Steves innovation model has six important components Customer, Vision, Culture, Product, Message and Brand (Sander, 2012). Steve Jobs inspired his people, he is deep involved at almost every level with almost every critical projects. He injects energy and guides his people towards developing a solution. His deep involvement makes them feel important and as a result, eager to beat expectation. in that locations not an ounce of democracy at Apple. Thats what makes it a nonesuch of such traditional corporate values as top-down leadership, sharply hierarchical composition and centralised control. Its Steves company pursuing his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs authoritarian leadership, Apple would be just another Silicon Valley kit(Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve return to Apple, he was described as practising tyrannical leadership style fire and force at will to view that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It sure enough worked. Steve is the follower of Zen.Maslin (2001) researched that His Zen awareness was not accompanied by an excess of calm, peace of mind or interpersonal mellowness, and He could stun an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, perfectly aimed. As an autocratic leader, Steve Jobs is forceful and demands nada less than total control. He makes the decisions, announces them and expecting others to carry them out without a question. One of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very unconnected anyone else, was he did it his way, (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs choose to lead his team from the front, spearheading the innovation and unceasingly renewed products of the company. The autocratic nature of his leadership also bears some transactional traits , such as development verbal lashings at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was infamous for creating an automated teller machine of fear. He had been described by some as being harsh, petulant and even hoggish at times. Although it was not loose working for Jobs, those who can prevail it tend to be firm (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained respect from both intimate and outside the company by maintaining his focus despite his fame and fortune. He was certainly one of the most influential business leaders of his time.thithers not an ounce of democracy at Apple. Thats what makes it a paragon of such traditional corporate values as top-down leadership, sharply hierarchical organisation and centralised control. Its Steves company pursuing his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs authoritarian leadership, Apple would be just another Silicon Valley outfit(Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve return to Apple, he was described as practising tyran nical leadership style fire and forced at will to ensure that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It certainly worked. Steve is the follower of Zen. Maslin (2001) researched that His Zen awareness was not accompanied by an excess of calm, peace of mind or interpersonal mellowness, and He could stun an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, perfectly aimed. As an autocratic leader, Steve Jobs is forceful and demands nothing less than total control. He makes the decisions, announces them and expecting others to carry them out without a question.One of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very unlike anyone else, was he did it his way, (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs choose to lead his team from the front, spearheading the innovation and constantly renewed products of the company. The autocratic nature of his leadership also bears some transactional traits, such as using verbal lashings at employees (Lin, 2011). In me etings, Jobs was infamous for creating an atmosphere of fear. He had been described by some as being harsh, petulant and even boorish at times. Although it was not easy working for Jobs, those who can weather it tend to be loyal (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained respect from both inside and outside the company by maintaining his focus despite his fame and fortune. He was certainly one of the most influential business leaders of his time.Theres not an ounce of democracy at Apple. Thats what makes it a paragon of such traditional corporate values as top-down leadership, sharply hierarchical organisation and centralised control. Its Steves company pursuing his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs authoritarian leadership, Apple would be just another Silicon Valley outfit(Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve return to Apple, he was described as practising tyrannical leadership style fire and forced at will to ensure that his employees delivered produc ts that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It certainly worked. Steve is the follower of Zen. Maslin (2001) researched that His Zen awareness was not accompanied by an excess of calm, peace of mind or interpersonal mellowness, and He could stun an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, perfectly aimed. As an autocratic leader, Steve Jobs is forceful and demands nothing less than total control.He makes the decisions, announces them and expecting others to carry them out without a question. One of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very unlike anyone else, was he did it his way, (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs choose to lead his team from the front, spearheading the innovation and constantly renewed products of the company. The autocratic nature of his leadership also bears some transactional traits, such as using verbal lashings at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was infamous for creating an atmosphere of fear. He had been described by some as being harsh, petulant and even boorish at times. Although it was not easy working for Jobs, those who can weather it tend to be loyal (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained respect from both inside and outside the company by maintaining his focus despite his fame and fortune. He was certainly one of the most influential business leaders of his time. Theres not an ounce of democracy at Apple.Thats what makes it a paragon of such traditional corporate values as top-down leadership, sharply hierarchical organisation and centralised control. Its Steves company pursuing his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs authoritarian leadership, Apple would be just another Silicon Valley outfit(Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve return to Apple, he was described as practising tyrannical leadership style fire and forced at will to ensure that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It certainly worked. Steve is the follower of Zen. Maslin (2001) researched that His Zen awareness was not accompanied by an excess of calm, peace of mind or interpersonal mellowness, and He could stun an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, perfectly aimed. As an autocratic leader, Steve Jobs is forceful and demands nothing less than total control. He makes the decisions, announces them and expecting others to carry them out without a question. One of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very unlike anyone else, was he did it his way, (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs choose to lead his team from the front, spearheading the innovation and constantly renewed products of the company.The autocratic nature of his leadership also bears some transactional traits, such as using verbal lashings at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was infamous for creating an atmosphere of fear. He had been described by some as being harsh, petulant and even boorish at times. Although it was not easy working for Jobs, t hose who can weather it tend to be loyal (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained respect from both inside and outside the company by maintaining his focus despite his fame and fortune. He was certainly one of the most influential business leaders of his time. In reality, Steve truly appreciates and cherishes his people. Free products are the norm, with every employee receiving an iPhone at the products launch. According to Elliot and Simon (2011, p.73-83), the most memorable example is Steves decision that the signature of the original engineer would be etched on the inside of the cases of Macs.Such rewards created much stave satisfaction and motivation, as they felt that they are part of the product. People become more connected to their work. Indeed, he finds ways to undertake his employees that he appreciates their contribution and that they are essential to the products success. Steve Jobs leadership style was complex. He was intensely focused when committed, confident to take risk y leaps, and charismatic enough to enlist corps of employees and customers in the incessant pursuit of his aspirations. Steve was firm when he stepped back into Apple and began his drastic reorganization. He was make up and knew what had to be done. He is passionate of what he did, believing that he is pursuing a higher cause in the processes. The result is an Apple culture that borders brand fanaticism and understructure customer devotion. Although Jobs was highly criticized for his autocratic leadership style, he has successfully revolutionized the Apple Company.5. Steve Jobs leadership style within contemporary leader Steve Jobs will likely be remembered as one of the most successful and iconic leaders of the last half century. He is admired for his vision, innovation and passion on products yet often hated for his autocratic and intimidating leadership style. In comparison, William ( calling card) H. render III, co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Microsoft Co rporation has also been described as one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the world. Despite their similar ambitions in the technology and business arena, they have very contrasting personality and leadership style. The competition and contestation between supply and Jobs has become one of the most enduring and fascinating subject in the American business industry. both of them had important impacts on the world. Both young men were born in the same year (1955), they set out from the same beginning point, but with radically different personalities.Both dropped out of college and launched their own businesses. Apple ushered in the era of personal mobile computing in many respects. Microsofts had made it possible for a generation of information processing system scientists to learn and thrive. Apple has perfected the art of delivering fantastic consumer products. Microsoft has worked diligently to make the enterprise more efficient. It is impossible to deny each corporation s contribution. Each has his own unique strengths. Nevertheless, both are well-know and idolized by many. Comparing their business philosophy, Microsofts A computing machine on every desk in every house, running Microsoft software (Livingston, 1994) is concerned about running their software in every computer. Apples Make computers accessible to everyone and make it easy to use (Gruman, 2011) is more about making their computers easy to use and easily accessible to everyone. He was every bit as intense, believed in revolutionary way of using computers. But not in engineer approach, (but rather) a design approach, and that had huge strength, particularly the last where he ran Apple.He was able to do tall(prenominal) work. (Parrish, 2012) Steve Jobs was more intuitive and had a greater instinct to make impossible happen and design delightful. He had passion for perfection, which make him demanding. In Steve Jobs organization, there are only two categories, thought If you werent brill iant, you were that other thing, a bozo. But with Steve, no matter how brilliant he knew you were, one remark that didnt, by his standard, mensurate up, and hed immediately label you a bozo. Even in front of other people (Elliot and Simon, 2011). Steve Jobs relies on forcing to resolve conflict such as in questions about design issues (DuBrin, 2008). According to Kahney (2011), Steve is forceful, intimidating, brutal, and ruthless, and tyrants were words used to describe Steves autocratic leadership style. He was obsessively controlling, throwing tantrums and yelling at employees and calling card members. A bunch of amateurs or well, youre a bunch of idiots. (Kahney, 2011) He could tear down someones ideas or the person in unexclusive if they not able to achieve what he wanted. charge up is known to project a more democratic leadership style. Although he does not address anyone by name, hand out praise or stroke any egos, he does listens intently and has his temper mostly in che ck.He is good in computer technology knowledge and coding. His thinks more practically. His mind is more practical, disciplines and abundant in analytic processing power. Even when he disagreed with a staffs analysis of certain issue, his response was Educate me on that. After a minute or so, he cuts off the discussion by saying, Send me the specs (Isaacson, 1997). In Apple, there is much secrecy in corporate decision making, which often led to sudden and unanticipated changes. According to Elliot and Simon (2011), Steve will gather the people in separate teams, kept isolated from the distractions and interferences of the rest of the company. Each team knew only of the parts they need to create, without any discussion or knowledge of the big picture. In contrast, provide spends much of his time communicating with his team and consulting his IT specialist about how new products can be woven into industry standard products. He involved his subordinate in decision making.Bill Gates de mocratic leadership style is a reflection of his more practical and disciplined mind set (Isaacson, 1997). Under Gates leadership, Microsoft Corporation flourished, consistently landing in Fortunes 100 Best Companies to Work For (Lussier, 2008). Both leaders are practising different leadership style Democratic and Autocratic. The leadership styles are extreme, whereas in practice the behaviour of many, perhaps most, leaders in business will be someplace between the two. Jobs and Gates believe in recruiting and retaining the best talents. However, Apple does not offer relevant formal training or development opportunities for its employees. Rather, employees are expect to gain new knowledge on their own (Muller, 2010). One of the Steves principal is to hire the best-A-people (Elliot and Simon, 2011). Steve wants only real talent people in the company. There are no training or knowledge sharing in projects or products. He expects excellent ideas and results from his people. In Microso ft, on the other hand, believes in staff training and development.Weve had technology a long time. We had some very sophisticated staff members. What Gates really allowed us to do is to roll it out go on to more locations and people and give our staff the training and support to make that happen. (Greiner, 2003) They believe training is the most basic and sometimes most overlooked from knowledge sharing that need to go in a company. Despite the past decade of U.S. economic stagnation, Apple have grown continuously, and the stock price has advance to the point where Apple is now the worlds most valuable firm, with a market cap of $391 billion, followed by Exxon-Mobil ($380 billion), IBM ($230 billion), and Microsoft ($228 billion) (Salsman, 2011). Steve Jobs had owned the wealthy company. Nevertheless, Steve Jobs is not known to be a philanthropist. Neither is he active in the charity work as compare to Bill Gates. Steve only concentrated on his products and company. He only public face his visions and products.He does not have the sense of giving back to the community. As a charity leader, Bill Gates oftentimes encourages his staff to contribute to charity, both in terms of money and time. Giving is large part of Microsofts corporate culture. Bill Gates and his wife started The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation take up issues such as poverty, famine, and disease around the world (Lesinski, 2009). This foundation focus on finding cures of diseases which are common in poor nations, also global development in farming and education. Bill Gates contribution to the community is a reflection of his character and moral. Bill Gates has shown a good example that other leaders should practice and imitate his humanity towards other nations who need helps. Steve Jobs is respected for his products, but Bill Gates is respected for both his products and philanthropic leadership. A well-rounded organization is not unlike a well-rounded individual, they should balance the pr iority of work, family, charity and personal interest (Brown, 2006). Gates visionary leadership style did not stop at product creation but extended to the creation of a dynasty. Microsoft has sales offices in nearly 60 countries and an international staff of 6200.Almost all of the employees are natives of the country in which they work. It is estimated that each overseas employees generates more than $1million in annual revenues. Gates tries to make certain that his foreign partners are in charge and that they share in the wealth (Lowe and Gates, 1998 p.74). He had acquired great wealth, something which he gladly shared with stockholders and employees. From his feel for nature, Bill Gates had created Microsoft Millionaires from his programmers, managers and even secretaries. Gates vision of wealthy sharing has resulted in lifestyle improvement for every level of his employees. Although, Apple staff are well paid, their rewards for success are vastly and nowhere near that of Microso fts. According to Yourdon (2004), Steve commented that Macintosh projects The journey is the reward.Rewards in Apple are different. Steve allowed each designer to in person sign a placard that was reproduced and placed inside each Mac case (Sander, 2012). Rewards are nice and this is the way Steve reward and recognize his people. As a charismatic and autocratic leader, Steves vision ended at creating the most iconic and desired technological products in history, building the most valuable and far-famed brand of his time. There is no doubt that Steves influence and vision will live on in the products and company he created. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are the visionary leader who always think creatively and have great insight to expect the future, which eventually transform the IT technology and changed the world greatly.6. closingThe purpose of this paper is to discuss of the relevant leadership idea and to explore the leadership styles and to explore the Steve Jobss leadership appr oach. Considering his influence and success at Apple, it is clear that a study of his leadership can provide valuable lessons for current and aspiring leaders. Steve has often been names one of the most prominent leaders in the US business circles. Despite his early demise, Steve Jobs has and is still touching the lives of people all around the world today. His life makes an amazing story because despite all the hardships he faced and against all odds he achieved what he said he set out to achieve become a millionaire. He had inspiration and he would not stop until it was lived out. Despite the fact that Steves leadership style is sometimes considered overly authoritative and that his company as being too personality-centered, he was able to achieve unprecedented success.Some of his styles and principals can be considered universal and applicable to other business, but others should be applied with caution or adapted to the actual business situation. This brings to mind, one of the essential characteristics of the true leader-to be able to adopt and adapt as well as to accept differing opinion. There is much that we can learn from Steve-his passion, focus and influential nature. Influence does not stem from a set of management rules and techniques. Leaders who are passionate about their work, who are able to focus on things that matter most, and exercise unwavering resolve in their decision tend to have a greater influence on people around them. Only with such influence, can a leader create positive impact on their followers, their organization and even on themselves.7. Reference Adair, John (2003) Concise Adair on Leadership. Olympia Elibrary (Online) Available at http//library.olympia.edu.my2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10071301&p00=good%20leader (Accessed 21 May 2012). Adair, John and Thomas, Neil (2004) Concise Adair on creative thinking and Innovation. London, GBR Thorogood Publishing. Bass, Bernard M and Riggio, Ronald E (2008) Transformatio nal Leadership, 2ndEdition. United States Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Bass, Jossey (1995) Visionary Leadership creating a compelling sense of direction for your organization. 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